Eight Beagle dogs were anesthetized and were imaged using a single channel helical CT scanner. The contrast medium used in this study was iohexol (300 mg I/ml) and doses were 0.5 ml/kg for a cine scan, 3 ml/kg for an enhanced scan. The flow rate for contrast material administration was 2 ml/sec for all scans. This study was divided into three steps, with unenhanced, cine and enhanced scans. The enhanced scan was subdivided into the arterial phase and the venous phase. All of the enhanced scans were reconstructed in 1 mm intervals and the scans were interpreted by the use of reformatted images, a cross sectional histogram, maximum intensity projection and shaded surface display. For the cine scans, optimal times were a 9-sec delay time post IV injection in the arterial phase, and an 18-sec delay time post IV injection in the venous phase. A nine-sec delay time was acceptable for the imaging of the canine hepatic arteries by CT angiography. After completion of arterial phase scanning, venous structures of the liver were well visualized as seen on the venous phase.
Angiography/methods/*veterinary ; Animals ; Contrast Media/pharmacology ; Dogs/*anatomy & histology ; Iohexol/pharmacology ; Liver/*blood supply ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods/*veterinary

Canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is one of the most common causes of general osteopenia. In this study, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to compare the bone mineral densities (BMD) between 39 normal dogs and 8 dogs with HAC (6 pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [PDH]; pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, 2 adrenal hyperadrenocorticism [ADH]; adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism) diagnosed through hormonal assay. A computed tomogaraphy scan of the 12th thoracic to 7th lumbar vertebra was performed and the region of interest was drawn in each trabecular and cortical bone. Mean Hounsfield unit values were converted to equivalent BMD with bone-density phantom by linear regression analysis. The converted mean trabecular BMDs were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. ADH dogs showed significantly lower BMDs at cortical bone than normal dogs. Mean trabecular BMDs of dogs with PDH using QCT were significantly lower than those of normal dogs, and both mean trabecular and cortical BMDs in dogs with ADH were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. Taken together, these findings indicate that QCT is useful to assess BMD in dogs with HAC.
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction* ; Animals ; Bone Density* ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Dogs* ; Linear Models ; Spine

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of primary tumor volume and uterine corpus invasion assessed by MRI in stage II uterine cervical cancer patients treated by concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. METHODS: Fifty-two patients diagnosed with stage II cervical carcinoma were entered into the study. The tumor volume was calculated by the equation (Volume=widthXlengthXheightXpi/6) as an ellipsoid approximation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), pelvic control (PC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). RESUITS: The 5-year OS, DFS, PC, and DMFS rates were 65.8%, 59.3%, 72.6%, and 79.9%, respectively. The average volume of primary cervical tumor on MRI was 29.5 ml (5-109) and volume was not correlated with stage (p=0.180). Corpus invasion was exhibited in 50.0% and 93.8% of patients with small tumor volume (<30 ml) and large tumor volume (> or =30 ml), respectively; and strongly correlated with tumor volume (p<0.001). By univariate analyses, larger clinical tumor diameter (p=0.031), positive pelvic lymph node (p=0.033), uterine corpus invasion (p=0.045), and larger tumor volume (p=0.003) showed a statistically significantly relation to worse survival. In multivariate analyses, dividing patients according to whether the tumor volume was more or less than 30 ml predicted OS (p=0.048) and uterine corpus invasion also predicted DFS (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Tumor volume and uterine corpus invasion determined by pre-treatment MRI examinations were significant prognostic factors for patients with invasive cervical carcinoma treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Radiotherapy ; Tumor Burden* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Gender differences in aggression viewed from an evolutionary and sociocultural perspective have traditionally explained why men engage in more direct and physical aggression, and women engage in more indirect and relational aggression. However, psychological and behavioral studies offer inconsistent support for this theory due to personal or social factors, and little is known about the gender-based neurobiological mechanisms of aggression. This study investigates gender differences in aggression through an analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) based neurobiological responses to commonly encountered stimuli, as well as psychological approaches in healthy Korean youth. Our results from self-reports indicate that overall aggression indices, including physical and reactive/overt aggression, were stronger in men. This agrees with the results of previous studies. Furthermore, our study reveals prominent gender-related patterns in γ signals from the right ventrolateral frontal cortex and changes in heart rate through stimulation by aggressive videos. In particular, gender differences in EEG and ECG responses were observed in response to different scenes, as simple aversion and situation-dependent aggression, respectively. In addition, we discovered decisive gender-distinct EEG signals during stimulation of the situation-dependent aggression regions within the right ventromedial prefrontal and ventrolateral frontal regions. Our findings provide evidence of a psychological propensity for aggression and neurobiological mechanisms of oscillation underlying gender differences in aggression. Further studies of oscillatory responses to aggression and provocation will expand the objective understanding of the different emotional worlds between men and women.
Adolescent ; Aggression ; Electrocardiography* ; Electroencephalography* ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male