Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of urinary incontinence of the adult women in two communities in Kunming so as to obtain basic epidemiological data,draw epidemiological regularity of adult women urinary incontinence in this two communities.Methods International Consultation on Inconvenience Questionnaire Short Form (ICQ-SF) survey was conducted among adult women Shuanglongqiao community and Zongshuying community during April 2012 to April 2013.Results (1) The prevalence rate of urinary incontinence among adult women was 16.84％.The constituent ratio of stress urinary incontinence was 42.6％,mainly with mild occurrence.Women over 41 years old were found with moderate and severe urinary incontinences.(2) The prevalence of urinary incontinence increased with age,especially the middle-aged and elderly women.The incidence was related to educational background,occupation,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Urinary incontinence affects middle-aged and elderly women.There are differences of the prevalence of urinary incontinence among adult women with different nationality,occupation,educational background,marriage and pregnancy status,and history of pelvic surgery.

Objective To explore the value of breast-duct endoscopy-assisted epidural catheter-guided tumor localization in the resection of intraductal lesions.Methods A total of 45 cases of breast-duct endoscopy-confirmed intraductal tumor were enrolled in this study.After the depth and location of the tumor was determined,the endoscope was withdrawn and an epidural catheter was inserted into the duct with discharge at a same level to support the duct and guide the resection of the tumor.Then,the skin covering the nipple and areola were cut radially,and the diseased duct was resected under the guidance of a epidural catheter.Results The ductoscopy showed intraductal papilloma in 41 cases,multiple intraductal papillomas in 2,and papillomatosis in 2.In the 41 patients with papilloma,the diagnosis was confirmed pathologically after the operation in 39 cases(95%),while in the 2 patients with multiple papillomas and the 2 with papillomatosis,the identical rate was both 50%(1/2).The misdiagnosed cases included 2 patients with epithelial hyperplasia,1 with multiple intraductal papillomas complicated with atypical ductal hyperplasia and severe focal hyperplasia,and 1 patient with breast cancer.In all the cases,the shape of the breast and nipple were normal after the operation.Conclusion Breast-duct endoscopy-assisted epidural catheter-guided tumor localization is worth being widely used for resection of intraductal lesions in local hospitals,for its precise localization,simple procedure,and good cosmetic outcomes.

Objective:To observe the application value of autologous blood recycling machine in emergency surgery of ectopic pregnancy ruptures.Methods: Fifty patients with ectopic pregnancy ruptures performed intraoperative autologous blood transfusion by using the autologous blood recycling machine were chosen as research group, 46 cases of same or similar patients performed allogeneic blood transfusion as control group. In research group,perioperative HR, SBP, DBP, MAP, CVP and SpO2 were monitored, at the same time the blood indicators as WBC, Hb, HCT, FIB, PLT, PT, APTT were examined before, after and during the operation. Blood loss, blood collection and Blood transfusion status were recorded in two groups.Results: In research group, SBP, MAP and CVP increased significantly(after transfusion compared with before transfusion,t=-1.641,t=-1.230,t=-3.591 respectively,P<0.05; postoperative 24h compared with before transfusion,t=-1.870,t=-2.012,t=-3.205 respectively,P<0.05), HR decreased significantly(after transfusion compared with before transfusion,t=2.265,P<0.05; postoperative 24h compared with before transfusion,t=3.018,P<0.05); and WBC, Hb, HCT, PLT increased significantly (WBC, HB, HCT after transfusion compared with preoperative, t=-1.831,t=-1.653,t=-1.406 respectively,P<0.05; postoperative 24h WBC, HB, HCT, PLT compared with preoperative, t=-2.504,t=-1.910,t=-1.513,t=-2.310 respectively,P<0.05) after autologous blood transfusion and surgery. The volume of allogeneic blood transfusion volume, incidence of adverse reactions and costs of blood transfusion in research group were lower than those in control group(t=9.362,x2=4.22,t=5.405 respectively,P<0.05).Conclusion:The operation of blood recycling machine in emergency surgery of ectopic pregnancy ruptures timely manner is safe and effective is timely, safe and effective, can significantly reduce the adverse reactions and costs of blood transfusion, has important clinical application value.

Objective To review the neuron synaptic plasticity in hioppocampus in the pathogenesis of depression in present studies,and expected to provide reference and basis for study of depression in clinic and model.Methods The wordsdepression, antidepression, chronic unpredictable stimulate, hippocampus, synapse,plasticity were used as index words.Analysis the relationship of depression or antidepression and synaptic plasticity in hippocampus from the results of researches enrolled at home or abroad.Summarize the effect of neuron synaptic plasticity in hioppocampus in the pathogenesis of depression.Result Totally 37 articles enrolled.They show the onset of depression or antidepressant processes always combine with the damage or recover of neuron synaptic plasticity.Conclusion The reduction or damage in synaptic plasticity in hippocampus is likely to be the pathogenesis of depression,like the changes of function or expression of SYN-1,MAP-2,SYT-1,PSD-95 or any other synapse-associated proteins.Meanwhile,studies of using enrich environment to treat depression indicated that depression is likely related to the synaptic plasticity in hippocampus in another way.But who are the synapse-associated proteins related to synaptic plasticity in depression? How to design the enrich environment.? These still need further study.

Objective To optimize the preparation of high-efficiency galactocylated poly-L-lysine (Gal-PLL) ligand of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in liver, providing premise and foundation for upper preparation of ultrasound contrast agent of liver targeted nanoscale perfluorocarbon microballoon and the liver targeted molecular imaging. Methods Chemical reactions of reductive amination were carried out on group A and group B according to different proportions of reaction component. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups. In group A, three different molar ratios of D-galactose and poly-L-lysine (PLL) were compounded respectively with equivalent and sufficient reductant borohydride. In group B, identical molar ratios of D-galactose and PLL were compounded respectively with three unequal reductants borohydride. Products of each group were separated and purified by sephadex column to acquire different molecular weight distributions and the results were analyzed. Results In the condition of identical reductant, the peak curve of compound's molecular weight appeared earlier when D-galactose decreased properly. In the condition of identical molar ratio of D-galactose and PLL,the peak curve of compound's molecular weight appeared also earlier when reductant decreased properly. When the molar ratio of D-galactose and reductant was 1∶1, the peak curve of compound Gal-PLL and free components was more obvious, and the quantity of compound Gal-PLL increased to maximum. Conclusions In the condition of identical reductant, coupling effect of D-galactose and PLL increased when D-galactose decreased properly. In the condition of identical molar ratio of D-galactose and PLL, coupling effect was better when reductant decreased properly. When the molar ratio of D-galactose and reductant was 1∶1, coupling effect of them was the best. The coupling of D-galactose and PLL was related to not only the proportion of D-galactose and PLL, but also the proportion of D-galactose and reductant.

Objective To understand and evaluate the early breastfeeding behaviors in preterm infants,and to analyze the evolution process of early breastfeeding behaviors in preterm infants,and therefore to provide a theoretical basis for preterm infant breastfeeding.Methods A continuous evaluation of early breastfeeding behaviors in 38 preterm infants was performed commencing on the beginning of breastfeeding and finishing on the attainment of breastfeeding.Results The earliest breastfeeding was initiated from a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 30 weeks.Obvious rooting,efficient areolar grasp,repeated short sucking bursts and irregular swallowing were noted from 31 weeks; The maximum number of consecutive sucks was limited to between 6 and 24 sucks,with a median of 18 sucks.Full breastfeeding was attained at a median of 36 weeks,between 33 and 38 weeks.Conclusions The early breastfeeding capacity in preterm infants is enhanced and becomes perfect gradually with the implementation of breastfeeding,and that is sufficient and practical for establishment of full breastfeeding at a low postmenstrual age of preterm infants.

Aim To investigate the expression and regulation characteristics of the Substance P receptor(Neurokinin-1R, NK-1R) in human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Methods HaCaT cells,a human keratinocyte cell line, and fibroblasts were cultured. The expression of NK-1R protein was examined by immunohistochemisury technique,and the mRNA level was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). The expression and regulation of NK-1R were measured by flow cytometry in HaCaT cells and fibroblasts treated with various stimuli and drugs. Results The expression of NK-1R existed in human keratinocyte and fibroblast, mainly located on cell membranes and cytoplasma. The NK-1R also expressed at HaCaT cells and fibroblasts transcription levels, and the mRNA levels in HaCaT cells were higher than that of fibroblasts. SP and IFN-? might upregulate the membrane expressions of NK-1R in both the two cells, while LPS might downregulate the expressions of NK-1R. Cetirizine and Spantide I can degrade the expressions of NK-1R in the two kinds of cells.Conclusions The human keratinocytes and fibroblasts can express NK- 1R at cell, protein and transcription levels, and the expression characteristics can be regulated by some inflammatory factors, it indicates the keratinocytes and fibroblasts were involved in the regulation of skin immune and NK-1R may play an important role in skin inflammation.

Objective: To establish a method for determining mycophenolic acid(MPA) and its glucuronide(MPAG) inhuman plasma. Methods: A high performance liquid chromatographic assay with diode array detection was developed, and thedetector wavelength was set at 254nm. The plasma sample purification was limited to protein precipitation with acetonitrile.The sample was separated on Hypersil ODS2 column (200 mm ?4. 6mm, 5?m), the mobile phase consisted of solution A(25% acetonitrile and 75% 0.02 mol/L KH2PO4,pH 3.0)and solution B(70% acetonitrile and 30% 0.02 mol/L K2HPO4,pH6.5)with gradient elution. The flow rate was 1. 0 ml/min. Results: Calibration curves of MPA and MPAG were linear be-tween 1. 0-5. 0 ?g/ml (r=0.994 4,n=6) and (2.5-100) ?g/ml (r= 0.999 5,n=7),respectively. The detection limit of MPAand MPAG were 0. 5?g/ml, and 1.0 ?g/ml, respectively. The mean recoveries of high, medium and low concentrations ofMPA were (95. 75?2.3l)%, (104.10?1.91) % and (98.11?4.24)%, and MPAG were (97.37?1. 43)%, (101.10?5. 41)%and (105. 44?7.59)%. Conclusion: The present study provides a reliable quantitative method for pharmacokineticstudy and monitor of MPA and MPAG.

Objective To investigate the expressions of tumor suppressor gene FEZ1 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and their correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods A total of 146 specimens of OSCC and 80 normal oral mucosa were used to detect the expressions of FEZ1 and HIF-1αby immunohistochemistry. Thirty specimens of fresh OSCC tissues, 30 samples of the paracancerous tissues and 30 normal mucosa tissues were also included in the study. The relationship between the expressions of FEZ1 and HIF-1α, the clinicopathological features and the prognosis of the patients were analyzed. Western blot assay was used to detect the expres?sions of FEZ1 and HIF-1αin 30 fresh OSCC tissues, 30 samples of the paracancerous tissues and 30 normal mucosa tissues. Results In OSCC tissues, the positive rate of FEZ1 protein (30.14%) was significantly lower than that in normal oral muco?sa (81.25%), and the positive rate of HIF-1αprotein (71.23%) was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (12.50%,χ2=54.076 and 71.317, P<0.01). There was a correlation between the expression of FEZ1 and clinical stage, tumor size and differentiation. The expression of HIF-1αwas correlated with gender, lymph node metastasis, tumor size and differentiation. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival rate between positive and negative FEZ1 expression groups. The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in HIF-1α positive expression group than that of HIF-1α negative expression group (P<0.05). The expression level of FEZ1 was decreased by the sequences in normal oral mucosa, paracancerous tissue and OSCC (P<0.01), but the expression level of HIF-1αwas increased in turn (P<0.01). Conclusion FEZ1 and HIF-1αmay be involved in the occurrence and progress of OSCC. The expressions of FEZ1 and HIF-1αcan be used as a reference for the biological behavior of OSCC.

OBJECTIVE:To prepare papaverine-nitroglycerin ointment and to establish a method for its quality control.METHODS:Nitroglycerin,papaverine hydrochloride and diclofenac potassium were used as basic remedies to prepare oint?ment.The contents of nitroglycerin,papaverine hydrochloride and diclofenac potassium were determined by UV-spec?trophotometric methods.RESULTS:The average recovery rates of Nitroglycerin,papaverine hydrochloride and diclofenac potassium were100.65%、99.86%、100.55%respectively,and RSD equal to0.4945%、0.1719%、0.3205%respectively(n=3). CONCLUSION:The ointment preparation is feasible in technique,reliable in quality control and stable in quality.