No abstract availble.
Glomerulonephritis* ; Prognosis*

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) has known to be associated with obesity, hypoxemia, sympathetic activation, and hypertension. In addition, SAS is associated with various mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases, such as oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, smoking, and psychological stress. In recent prospective observation studies, SAS is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, i.e., heart failure, stroke, and coronary artery diseases. The association with heart failure was most evident. In some participants in the longitudinal study applied with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, SAS was not associated with prognosis. With the viewpoints in the current standard of cardiovascular medicine, there seems to be few evidence showing that CPAP treatment could prevent or improve cardiovascular outcome. Detailed review of the limitations of the prospective observational studies suggests that more sophisticated measurement of the clinical outcomes and adjustment of confounding factors will be required in the future studies. And for the clinical application, more evidence of CPAP treatment on the cardiovascular outcomes are mandatory.
Anoxia ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Dyslipidemias ; Heart Failure ; Hypertension ; Longitudinal Studies ; Myocardial Infarction ; Obesity ; Oxidative Stress ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological ; Stroke

In general, each increase of 20/10 mmHg (systolic to diastolic) blood pressure (BP) above 115 mmHg and 75 mmHg results in a two-fold increased risk for cardiovascular complications. In addition, cerebrovascular events in association with hypertension are more frequent than myocardial infarctions in Asian populations. To prove the correlation between cardiovascular events and hypertension observed in the observational studies, BP-lowering studies should be performed to demonstrate the preventive effect on cardiovascular events. However, no randomized clinical studies to date have been able to prove the preventative effects of BP lowering in the blood pressure around 140/90 mmHg or mild hypertension. Despite the fact that many guidelines, including Joint National Committee-7 guidelines, recommend BP lowering for those ranges of blood pressure. In recent years, there have been many contradictory hypotheses about the asymmetry between the results from observational studies and clinical trials, which have led to the establishment of representative studies to set new target BPs. Such studies have proven the benefits of BP lowering closer to optimal blood pressure. Therefore, a discussion about applying these findings to patient care is needed.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Joints ; Myocardial Infarction ; Patient Care ; Risk Assessment

No abstract available.
Circadian Rhythm ; Myocardial Infarction ; Prognosis

No abstract available.
Beauty ; Dihydropyridines ; Nitrophenols ; Organophosphorus Compounds

BACKGROUND: Unexpected and uncontrolled bleeding remains the principal fear of the surgeon performing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Many surgeons and anesthesiologists believe the spinal anesthesia reduces blood loss during TURP. This study evaluate the effects of spinal versus general anesthetic technique on the development of postoperative coagulopathies. METHODS: 20 patients undergoing TURP were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group I (n=10) received general anesthesia and group II (n=10), spinal anesthesia. PT (prothrombin time), PTT (partial thromboplstin time), Hb (hemoglobin), FDP (fibrin degradation product), platelet and fibrinogen were measured before induction and 24 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in measured coagulation variables between the two groups, but there was significant decrease in postoperative Hb compared to preoperative values in both groups and the effect was more pronounced in the general anesthesia than in the spinal anethesia group. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that coagulopathies after TURP is not affected by the anesthetic technique.
Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Blood Platelets ; Fibrinogen ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate*

Leaving behind substantial reflections or skepticisms on the shortage of evidences about blood pressure (BP) thresholds for antihypertensive drug therapy and target BPs, major hypertensive guidelines including Korean hypertension guidelines were recently updated for earlier and more intensive control of BP. Because hypertension is one of the major risk factors for death, stroke, cardiovascular (CV) disease, heart failure, and cognitive impairment, substantial improvement of hypertension management is necessary to reduce disease and socioeconomic burdens and to promote CV health. Theoretically, earlier intervention in terms of age and BP level and thorough control of BP into within normal range would prevent or delay major adverse CV events. Revised hypertension guidelines were developed by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, Korean Society of Hypertension, European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension, and Japanese Society of Hypertension in order. In this article, recent updates and clinical significances of the Korean hypertension guidelines will be discussed with comparison of foreign hypertension guidelines and considerable changes in the management of hypertension will be introduced for cardiologists and general practitioners.

Hypertension is the leading factor of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Although antihypertensive medical treatment is the cornerstone of blood pressure control, lifestyle modification, including optimal diet therapy, such as dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), cannot be overemphasized.Current Concepts: Due to the mismatch between sodium intake and excretion process being the key mechanisms according to physiologic principles, low sodium and high potassium intakes are the critical components of DASH. If the patient has a sensitive elevation of blood pressure following increased sodium intake, a low sodium diet could be essential for optimal blood pressure control. Salt sensitivity is increased by the activated reninangiotensin system, sympathetic nervous activity, sodium channels disorder, and endothelial dysfunction and frequently observed in the elderly and patients with obesity and chronic kidney disease. Increased potassium intake could attenuate sodium absorption by affecting the intracellular chloride and WNK4 activity, especially in patients with salt sensitivity or high salt intake.Discussion and Conclusion: For low sodium and high potassium intakes, the Na/K diet ratio could be a good target for intervention, and this approach is a critical component of DASH.

No abstract available.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Hypertension ; Blood Pressure ; Myocardial Ischemia ; telmisartan ; Ramipril ; Risk Factors