BACKGROUND: Unexpected and uncontrolled bleeding remains the principal fear of the surgeon performing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Many surgeons and anesthesiologists believe the spinal anesthesia reduces blood loss during TURP. This study evaluate the effects of spinal versus general anesthetic technique on the development of postoperative coagulopathies. METHODS: 20 patients undergoing TURP were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group I (n=10) received general anesthesia and group II (n=10), spinal anesthesia. PT (prothrombin time), PTT (partial thromboplstin time), Hb (hemoglobin), FDP (fibrin degradation product), platelet and fibrinogen were measured before induction and 24 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in measured coagulation variables between the two groups, but there was significant decrease in postoperative Hb compared to preoperative values in both groups and the effect was more pronounced in the general anesthesia than in the spinal anethesia group. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that coagulopathies after TURP is not affected by the anesthetic technique.
Anesthesia, General* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Blood Platelets ; Fibrinogen ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate*

A pericardial recess is frequently seen in patients undergoing chest computed tomography (CT). It is important to be aware of the normal anatomy of the pericardium as it is often mistaken for normal variants and/or disease. Therefore, we will describe the anatomy and location of the pericardial recess and the specific findings in various diseases associated with the pericardial recess.

Microalbuminuria is a marker of generalized endothelial dysfunction resulting from arterial stiffness or insulin resistance, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is a good measure of arterial stiffness. We aimed to investigate whether elevated baPWV is independently associated with microalbuminuria. This study included 1,648 individuals aged over 40 who participated in the baseline Multi-Rural Cohort Study conducted in Korean rural communities between 2005 and 2006. Participants were classified into less than 30 mg/g as normoalbuminuria or 30-300 mg/g as microalbuminuriausing urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR). The median and Q1-Q3 baPWV values were significantly higher in the microalbuminuric group both in men (1,538, 1,370-1,777 cm/s vs. 1,776, 1,552-2,027 cm/s, P < 0.001) and women (1,461, 1,271-1,687 cm/s vs. 1,645, 1,473-1,915 cm/s, P < 0.001). BaPWV was independently associated with microalbuminuria in both genders after adjusting for pulse rate; fasting blood glucose; triglyceride; homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and, history of hypertension and diabetes. Fasting blood sugar and HOMA(IR) were judged as having nothing to do with multicolinearity (r = 0.532, P < 0.001). Elevated baPWV was independently associated with microalbuminuria regardless of insulin resistance among rural subjects over 40 yr.
Adult ; Aged ; Albuminuria/*diagnosis/etiology/metabolism ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Ankle Joint/*physiopathology ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Brachial Artery/*physiopathology ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications/diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Pulse Wave Analysis ; Risk Factors ; *Rural Population ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Triglycerides/blood ; Vascular Stiffness

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of warm saline and anti-fog solution for preventing fogging of a non-contact wide-field viewing system during vitrectomy. Methods: Five liters of water at 36°C were placed in a transparent container. The fogging areas of wide-field lenses were microscopically measured. We created three groups: lenses soaked in normal saline at 25°C for 1 minute (control), lenses soaked in normal saline at 50°C for 1 minute (warm saline), and lenses that were wiped with a sponge soaked in anti-fog solution (ULTRASTOP pro med. Solution, Sigmapharm, Vienna, Austria) after prior soaking in normal saline at 25°C for 1 minute (anti-fog). Images of fogged areas were acquired at 10 seconds and 1, 3, and 5 minutes. Extent of fogged areas and central lens invasion were determined. All experiments were repeated 10 times. Results: In the control group, the entire areas were always completely fogged. The average fog coverage values were 4.34 ± 1.28, 6.30 ± 1.38, 56.00 ± 25.01, and 93.81 ± 5.88% at 10 seconds and 1, 3, and 5 minutes in the warm saline group and 4.74 ± 0.57, 7.35 ± 0.96, 10.13 ± 1.09, and 11.74 ± 1.74% in the anti-fog group, respectively. There were significant differences at 3 and 5 minutes (p = 0.029, p = 0.012). Fogging of the central lens was detected in 8 tests after 3 minutes and all 10 tests after 5 minutes in the warm saline group, but no fogging was detected in the anti-fog group. Conclusions Application of an anti-fog solution to a wide-field viewing lens prevents lens fogging during vitrectomy.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common pathogen of the respiratory tract among school-aged children and adolescents. It can also cause extrapulmonary manifestation that involves the skin, nervous system, digestive system, and hematopoietic system. A 12-year old girl was admitted to Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital with M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Her respiratory symptoms and signs improved after the treatment with macrolide antibiotics, and she was discharged. However, pancytopenia developed 16 days after the first admission date. She was readmitted, and treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin. We reported her as the first case of pancytopenia asscociated with M. pnuemoniae pneumonia in Korea.
Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Child ; Digestive System ; Hematopoietic System ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Mycoplasma ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Nervous System ; Pancytopenia ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; Respiratory System ; Skin

PURPOSE: Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) expression is more associated with basal-like cancers than estrogen receptor- or ErbB-2-expressing breast cancers. However, the biological relevance of different levels of CAV-1 expression according to subtype in the epithelial compartment of breast cancer remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated whether CAV-1 functions as a tumor suppressor and/or modulator of the cytotoxic activity of docetaxel (DTX) in subtypes of breast cancer using in vitro and xenograft models. RESULTS: The levels of CAV-1 expression were closely associated with DTX sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer cells. In addition, CAV-1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and modulated DTX-induced apoptosis through cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The mechanisms underlying DTX-induced apoptosis differed in breast cancers according to the levels of CAV-1 expression. DTX robustly enhanced Bcl-2 inactivation by CAV-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells, while p53-mediated cell cycle arrest by DTX was more pronounced in CAV-1-low but p53-functional MCF-7 cells. In parallel with the data from breast cancer cell lines, CAV-1-transfected MCF-7 cells showed higher efficacy of DTX treatment in a xenograft model. CONCLUSION: We clearly demonstrated cooperative effects between CAV-1 and DTX in mediating apoptosis, suggesting that the levels of CAV-1 expression might be an important indicator for DTX use in breast cancer.
Apoptosis ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Caveolin 1* ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Death* ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Estrogens ; Heterografts ; MCF-7 Cells ; Negotiating ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Bilateral ureteral obstuction (BUO) has been known to decrease the expression of renal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). The polyuria and urinary concentration defect in postobstructive diuresis (POD) may be explained by these molecular changes. By contrast, chronic infusion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has been known to increase the expression of renal AQP2 and NKCC2, but there have been no studies regarding the chronic effect of ADH in molecular level when introducing to POD. We tried to identify the changes of renal expression of AQP2 and NKCC2 in 24 hour BUO rat at POD-7 day and the chronic effect of ADH to the expression of AQP2 and NKCC2 in sham operation rat and in 24 hour BUO rat, at sham operation 7 day and at POD-7 day, respectively. METHODS: Twenty four Spraugue-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group I (Control group): sham operation rats(n=6). Group II (BUO group): 24 hour BUO and release of it (n=6). Group III (dDAVP group): dDAVP (1-deamino-8d-arginine vasopressin: V2-receptor-selective agonist) infusion at rate of 20 ng/hour by osmotic minipump subcutaneously for 7 days in sham operation rats (n=6). Group IV (BUO+dDAVP group): dDAVP infusion at rate of 20 ng/hour by osmotic minipump by same method as Group III in 24 hour BUO rats (n=6). All rats were sacrificed at POD-7 day (Group II, Group IV) or sham operation-7 day (Group I, Group III) and renal expression of AQP2 and NKCC2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and by Western blot method. Blood and urinary chemistry examinations were done concurrently. RESULTS: BUO group showed increased urine output and decreased urine osmolality (p<0.05) and decreased expressions of AQP2 and NKCC2 compared with Control group {29.1 +/- 4.2% vs. 100 +/- 10.0% (p< 0.05); 40.2 +/- 5.4% vs. 100 +/- 7.9% (p<0.05) respectively}. dDAVP group had decreased urine output from POD-1 day to POD-5 day and increased urine osmolality (p<0.05) POD-1 day to POD-7 day during and increased expressions of AQP2 and NKCC2 compared with Control group {206.5 +/- 19.0% vs. 100 +/- 10.0% (p<0.05); 180.6 +/- 13.3% vs. 100 +/- 7.9% (p<0.05) respectively}. But BUO group showed no difference in urine output and urine osmolality and expressions of AQP2 and NKCC2 compared with BUO+dDAVP group {29.1 +/- 4.2% vs. 42.2 +/- 2.3% (p<0.84); 40.2 +/- 5.4 % vs. 47.9 +/- 4.3% (p<0.91) respectively}. CONCLUSION: BUO and POD show decreased expressions of AQP2 and NKCC2 and the unresponsiveness to chronic ADH infusion may be the pathophysiologic basis of POD such as increased urine output, decreased urine osmolality.
Animals ; Aquaporin 2* ; Blotting, Western ; Chemistry ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Diuresis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Osmolar Concentration ; Polyuria ; Rats* ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Vasopressins

Lidocaine is a commonly used local anesthetic for dental treatment. Urticaria caused by lidocaine has seldom been reported. Generally, urticaria immediately develops after exposure to a causative agent and is considered a manifestation of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. However, delayed urticaria caused by local anesthetics was reported to be related to cell mediated hypersenstivity. A 3-year old girl visited our allergy clinic due to delayed urticaria after local administration of lidocaine. Both skin prick and intradermal tests with lidocaine revealed negative reactions. However, the provocation test with subcutaneous injection of lidocaine showed urticaria 7 hours after test. In order to identify alternative local anesthetic for the subsequent dental procedure, we performed skin prick, intradermal and provocation tests with procaine, a local anesthetic of the other class, all of which showed negative results. Therefore, we recommended procaine as an alternative local anesthetic, and the patient was successfully treated with procaine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of delayed urticaria caused by lidocaine in Korea.
Anesthetics, Local ; Child* ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Intradermal Tests ; Korea ; Lidocaine* ; Procaine ; Skin ; Urticaria*

BACKGROUND: Seizures occur in 2-20% of stroke patients. Recent studies have reported that post-stroke seizures are associated with poorer functional outcomesand higher mortality. However there are no official guidelines on how to use antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in stroke-related seizures. In this study we surveyed neurologists and neurosurgeons and compared the responses of subgroups categorized by department, specialty and workplace discrimination using a questionnaire containing questions concerning the present tendency to use AEDs in stroke patients. METHODS: 256 neurologists and neurosurgeons participated in the survey. The research instrument was a questionnaire comprising 9 parts and 30 questions. The questions concerned stroke mechanism, the prophylactic use of AEDs, and the choice of AED in early and late onset post-stroke seizures. RESULTS: Tendencies to use prophylactic AEDs in stroke differed depending on specialty and workplace(neurologist vs. neurosurgeon; 17.8% vs. 83.1%, p<0.001, hospital vs. university staff; 46.2% vs. 28.4%, p=0.05). The most commonly used prophylactic AEDs were valproic acid (75%) and levetiracetam (60%). Carbamazepine was the most commonly used AED and phenytoin and phenobarbital were still used in all subgroups to treat post-stroke seizures. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences between neurologists (17.8%) and neurosurgeons (83.1%) in the use of prophylactic AEDs after stroke. Valproic acid and levetiracetam are considered first-line prophylactic AEDs by neurosurgeon. Phenytoin and phenobarbital are still used in post-stroke seizure although they have been reported to have an adverse influence on motor recovery. We suggest that proper guidelines should be established for the use of AEDs in stroke-related seizures.
Anticonvulsants ; Carbamazepine ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Phenobarbital ; Phenytoin ; Piracetam ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seizures ; Stroke ; Valproic Acid

Acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which reduce the production of prostaglandin by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), are widely used in children as antipyretic, analgesic, or anti-inflammatory drugs. They are known to be a major cause of pediatric drug allergies, which are diagnosed by a drug provocation test. The mechanism comprises an immunoglobulin E- or T cell-mediated immune reaction or pseudoallergy caused by the inhibition of COX-1. The diagnosis of NSAIDs drug allergy requires a differential, because there is a high cross-reactivity between NSAIDs. In this study, oral provocation tests with ibuprofen, acetaminophen, diclofenac and celecoxib were carried out, and various types of NSAIDs and acetaminophen allergies were observed. Safe drugs were recommended for each patient according to the test results. We report four cases of NSAIDs and acetaminophen allergy and include the results of oral provocation tests.
Acetaminophen ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Child ; Diclofenac ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Ibuprofen ; Immunoglobulins ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Pyrazoles ; Sulfonamides ; Celecoxib