The purpose of this study was to find out women's need and level of knowledge about episiotomy, pain and discomfort related to episiotomy on a cross-sectional survey design. The subjects were 102 postpartal women agreed on oral consent. 34 postpartal women admitted at obstetric ward of H university hospital, 34 postpartal women admitted at 2 Sanhujoriwons, and 34 women within one year afterbirth. They were selected in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from July, 1 to September 30, 2000, by a structured questionnaire. The instrument used for this study was a questionaire consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 12 items of obstetric characteristics, 10 items of level of knowledge (Chronbach alpha .8176), 8 items of need of education(Chronbach alpha.8836), 3 items of pain (Chronbach alpha.9252), and 3 items of discomfort (Chronbach alpha.8092). The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 63.2% of respondents had right answer on 6-8 items among 10 items. Only 4.4% of women got right answer on 10 items all. 2. The need of education was high(4.45%) on all items and the range of score was 4.25~4.64. 3. The strength of pain was the highest within one week afterbirth(5.93/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(2.55). And after 15days of postpartum, the pain level became to the lowest level(1.08). However, pain was delayed until more than one month afterbirth. 4. The level of discomfort was the highest one week afterbirth(6.88/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(4.20). And after 15days of postpartum, the discomfort level became to the lowest level(2.47). Universally, the degree of discomfort was higher than pain. 5. There was a strong positive correlation between discomforts and pain (r=.752**) and weak positive correlation between discomforts and the level of educational need(r=.308*). In conclusion, women have a right to choose whether she will have episiotomy or not according to her decision making based on the comprehensive knowledge of episiotomy before they get episiotomy with consent process and explanation in detail. Women health care providers like nurses have a responsibility to do conscious raising and empowerment for women so that they could lead themselves to choose given medical treatments for women's health and wellbeing and the quality of life in her life cycle.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Decision Making ; Education ; Episiotomy* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Cycle Stages ; Postpartum Period ; Power (Psychology) ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Women's Health

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most severe form of nosocomial infection. However the actual incidence of pneumonia associated with ventilator is not known. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of VAP, find out related risk factors, and establish effective preventive measures. METHODS: The medical records of 172 consecutive patients, who have been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from January 2005 to October 2005 and were subjected to mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, have been reviewed retrospectively. VAP was defined according to the definition of CDC (1992). The statistical software SPSS (version 12.0) was used to conduct descriptive and comparative analysis including Chi-square, student's t-test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence was 163 per 1,000 persons and 19.0 per 1,000 ventilator use patient-days. The significant risk factors for VAP were type of ICU (surgical ICU, OR=5.942, 95% CI=1.894-8.644) and duration of ventilator use (OR=3.603, 95% CI=1.810-7.173). VAP developed 3.04 (+/-0.88) days after initiating mechanical ventilation. Causative agents of VAP were Acinetobacter baumanii (35.2%), MRSA (18.8%), Enterobacter aerogenes (12.4%), Klebsiella pneumonia (9.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%), Burkholderia (6.3%), Serratia marcesceus (6.3%), Stenotrophomonas (3.1%), and Pseudomonas (3.1%) spp. CONCLUSION: Type of ICU (surgical ICU, OR=5.942, 95% CI=1.894-18.644) and duration of ventilator use (OR=3.603, 95% CI=1.810-7.173) were considered to increase the incidence of VAP. Further study with larger number of cases and preventive measures would be necessary to identify risk factors related to the ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Acinetobacter ; Burkholderia ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cross Infection ; Enterobacter aerogenes ; Humans ; Incidence ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Klebsiella ; Medical Records ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated ; Pseudomonas ; Respiration, Artificial ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Serratia ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Stenotrophomonas ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of newly graduated nurses’ perceived readiness for nursing practice, resilience, and preceptors’ teaching behaviors on turnover intention. Methods: A survey was conducted among 168 newly graduated nurses between August 7 and 31, 2023. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The factors that significantly affected turnover intention included preceptors' teaching behavior (β=-.29, p=.001) and resilience (β= -.21, p=.026). This model explained 32.0% of the variance. Conclusion Newly graduated nurses’ resilience and their initial training environment are key factors influencing turnover intention. Therefore, nursing managers should develop strategies to enhance the resilience of newly graduated nurses and improve training systems. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote positive teaching behaviors among the educators responsible for training newly graduated nurses.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of newly graduated nurses’ perceived readiness for nursing practice, resilience, and preceptors’ teaching behaviors on turnover intention. Methods: A survey was conducted among 168 newly graduated nurses between August 7 and 31, 2023. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The factors that significantly affected turnover intention included preceptors' teaching behavior (β=-.29, p=.001) and resilience (β= -.21, p=.026). This model explained 32.0% of the variance. Conclusion Newly graduated nurses’ resilience and their initial training environment are key factors influencing turnover intention. Therefore, nursing managers should develop strategies to enhance the resilience of newly graduated nurses and improve training systems. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote positive teaching behaviors among the educators responsible for training newly graduated nurses.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of newly graduated nurses’ perceived readiness for nursing practice, resilience, and preceptors’ teaching behaviors on turnover intention. Methods: A survey was conducted among 168 newly graduated nurses between August 7 and 31, 2023. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The factors that significantly affected turnover intention included preceptors' teaching behavior (β=-.29, p=.001) and resilience (β= -.21, p=.026). This model explained 32.0% of the variance. Conclusion Newly graduated nurses’ resilience and their initial training environment are key factors influencing turnover intention. Therefore, nursing managers should develop strategies to enhance the resilience of newly graduated nurses and improve training systems. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote positive teaching behaviors among the educators responsible for training newly graduated nurses.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of newly graduated nurses’ perceived readiness for nursing practice, resilience, and preceptors’ teaching behaviors on turnover intention. Methods: A survey was conducted among 168 newly graduated nurses between August 7 and 31, 2023. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The factors that significantly affected turnover intention included preceptors' teaching behavior (β=-.29, p=.001) and resilience (β= -.21, p=.026). This model explained 32.0% of the variance. Conclusion Newly graduated nurses’ resilience and their initial training environment are key factors influencing turnover intention. Therefore, nursing managers should develop strategies to enhance the resilience of newly graduated nurses and improve training systems. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote positive teaching behaviors among the educators responsible for training newly graduated nurses.

OBJECTIVES: Although the nationwide inoculation rate of varicella vaccine was approximately 95% in Korean children recently, the number of notified varicella cases is unexpectedly continuously increasing till now. To suggest some hypotheses regarding this discrepancy, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis as a descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for children residing in Jeju-do, Korea.METHODS: The raw data were obtained from the nationwide database for insurance claim of healthcare fee provided by the National Health Insurance Service, Korea. The selection criteria were children aged 2–13 years who visited any healthcare center due to varicella from 2005 to 2016 while residing in Jeju-do. After calculating the birth cohort-specific crude incidence rates by age and year, the intrinsic estimator method was used to perform the APC analysis.RESULTS: As the annual crude incidence rates decreased with increasing age between 2005 and 2016, the age and period effects also decreased. The intrinsic estimator coefficients suggesting the cohort effect shifted from positive to negative in 2011, the starting year of free varicella vaccine program in Jeju-do.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that inoculated varicella vaccines have preventive effects. However, further studies to evaluate waning immunity would be needed.
Chickenpox Vaccine ; Chickenpox ; Child ; Cohort Effect ; Delivery of Health Care ; Epidemiology ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Immunization Schedule ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Jeju-do ; Korea ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Methods ; National Health Programs ; Parturition ; Patient Selection ; Vaccines

OBJECTIVES: Although the nationwide inoculation rate of varicella vaccine was approximately 95% in Korean children recently, the number of notified varicella cases is unexpectedly continuously increasing till now. To suggest some hypotheses regarding this discrepancy, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis as a descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for children residing in Jeju-do, Korea. METHODS: The raw data were obtained from the nationwide database for insurance claim of healthcare fee provided by the National Health Insurance Service, Korea. The selection criteria were children aged 2–13 years who visited any healthcare center due to varicella from 2005 to 2016 while residing in Jeju-do. After calculating the birth cohort-specific crude incidence rates by age and year, the intrinsic estimator method was used to perform the APC analysis. RESULTS: As the annual crude incidence rates decreased with increasing age between 2005 and 2016, the age and period effects also decreased. The intrinsic estimator coefficients suggesting the cohort effect shifted from positive to negative in 2011, the starting year of free varicella vaccine program in Jeju-do. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that inoculated varicella vaccines have preventive effects. However, further studies to evaluate waning immunity would be needed.

OBJECTIVES: Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Mexico in 1999, Hong Kong and mainland China in 2011, and England in 2014-2016 have received global attention, and the number of notified cases in Korean children, including in Jeju Province, has also increased since 2010. To identify relevant hypotheses regarding this emerging outbreak, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of scarlet fever incidence was conducted among children in Jeju Province, Korea. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ≤14 years residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The age and year variables were categorized into 5 groups, respectively. After calculating the crude incidence rate (CIR) for age and calendar year groups, the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was applied to conduct the APC analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2345 cases were identified from 2002 to 2016. Scarlet fever was most common in the 0-2 age group, and boys presented more cases than girls. Since the CIR decreased with age between 2002 and 2016, the age and period effect decreased in all observed years. The IE coefficients suggesting a cohort effect shifted from negative to positive in 2009. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be explained through the cohort effect. As children born after 2009 showed a higher risk of scarlet fever, further descriptive epidemiological studies are needed.

OBJECTIVES: Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Mexico in 1999, Hong Kong and mainland China in 2011, and England in 2014-2016 have received global attention, and the number of notified cases in Korean children, including in Jeju Province, has also increased since 2010. To identify relevant hypotheses regarding this emerging outbreak, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of scarlet fever incidence was conducted among children in Jeju Province, Korea. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ≤14 years residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The age and year variables were categorized into 5 groups, respectively. After calculating the crude incidence rate (CIR) for age and calendar year groups, the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was applied to conduct the APC analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2345 cases were identified from 2002 to 2016. Scarlet fever was most common in the 0-2 age group, and boys presented more cases than girls. Since the CIR decreased with age between 2002 and 2016, the age and period effect decreased in all observed years. The IE coefficients suggesting a cohort effect shifted from negative to positive in 2009. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be explained through the cohort effect. As children born after 2009 showed a higher risk of scarlet fever, further descriptive epidemiological studies are needed.
Child ; China ; Cohort Effect ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disease Outbreaks ; England ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Exotoxins ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insurance ; Korea ; Methods ; Mexico ; National Health Programs ; Scarlet Fever ; Streptococcus pyogenes