Virtual reality technology is a kind of information technology,which can achieve the interaction between the users and the virtual environment by using relevant devices.This article introduces the application and validity of virtual reality technology in surgery of orthopedics,general surgery,neurosurgery and urology surgery and surgical training.It discusses the advantages and disadvantages and development prospects of the virtual reality technology in the field of surgery and surgical training as well.

AIM:To prepare Wurenchun Dispersible Tablet(Fructus schisandrae Chinensis)and investigate the dissolution of it.METHODS:The optimal formulation of Wurenchun Dispersible Tablets was established by the single factor experiments.The dissolution of deoxyschisandrin from Wurenchun Dispersible Tablets was determined by HPLC.RESULTS:Wurenchun Dispersible Tablets prepared by the mixture of 50 g extraction and 125 g CaHPO_4 plus excipent(MCC∶CMS-Na 3∶1)could disintegrate and disperse well within 3 min in(20?1)℃ water.The dissolution of deoxyschisandrin from Wurenchun Dispersible Tablets was higher than 80% in 15 min.CONCLUSION:Wurenchun Dispersible Tablets were stable,dissolved fast and completely.The preparation could promote the dissolution of total lignans.

Objective To investigate the expression of hMLH_1 in gastric cancer and its significance,Methods The expressions of hMLH_1 protein and mRNA were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in 68 cases of gastric cancer tissues,33 cases of para-cancer tissues and(35 cases) of normal gastric tissues.Apoptosis was assayed by terminal deoxytransferase mediated dUTP nicked labeling.Results The positive expression rates of hMLH_1 mRNA were 63.3%(43/68),100%(33/33) and 100%(35/35),and those of protein were 61.8%(42/68),93.9%(31/33),100%(35/35),respectively,in gastric cancer tissues,para-cancer tissues and normal gastric tissues.There was a correlation between the expression of hMLH_1 and clinical grade of gastric cancer(r=0.531,P

1,3-propanediol is an important chemical used as building block for the synthesis of highly promising polyesters such as polytrimethylene terephthalate. A genetically modified Klebsiella pneumoniae LDH526 can use glycerol as sole carbon source and produce 1,3-propanediol with the titer above 90 g/L. A key factor affecting the production of 1,3-propanediol by the mutant K. pneumoniae is the accurate control of the feeding of glycerol. To generate a robust and reproducible fermentation process of 1,3-propanediol, we designed and optimized an automatically feeding strategy of glycerol based on fermentation kinetics. By coupling the substrate feeding rate with easily observed variables -pH and fermentation time, we have achieved self-starting glycerol feeding and dynamic control of the glycerol concentration during the fermentation process. This automated system allowed us to generate a reproducible, consistent and operator-independent process from lab-scale to production scale. The final concentration of 1,3-propanediol was above 95 g/L after 72 h.
Culture Media ; Fermentation ; Glycerol ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; growth & development ; Propylene Glycol ; Propylene Glycols ; metabolism

Objective:To investigate the early diagnosis value of neutrophilic CD 64 index(nCD64 ID),neutrophilic CD32 index( nCD32 ID) in ascites and CRP in blood of liver cirrhosis patients combined with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Methods:The data of 156 cases with liver cirrhosis was analyzed retrospectively, which CD32 index, CD64 index and CRP were detected respectively and ROC curve analysis were performed. Results:The nCD64 ID,nCD32 ID and CRP in bacterial infection group were all significantly higher than that in no infection group(P<0. 001). The sensitivity and specificity of nCD32 ID,nCD64 ID and CRP were 82. 8%,96. 2%,72. 5% and 81. 0%, 95. 8%, 73. 1% respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 ID were higher than nCD32 ID and CRP. The nCD64 ID can be used as an effective index for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver cirrhosis combined with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats .Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 7-8 weeks , weighing 270-320 g , were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n=8 each ) using a random number table :sham operation group (group S ) , traumatic brain injury group (group I) ,fat emulsion group (group F) and low-dose propofol group (group L) , medium-dose propofol group (group M ) ,and high-dose propofol group (group H ) .Traumatic brain injury model was established according to the method described by Feeney .In group S ,0.9% normal saline was infused into the left femoral vein at 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 .In I ,F ,L ,M and H groups ,0.9% normal saline ,20% fat emulsion 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 ,and propofol 17.46 ,34.92 and 69.84 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 were infused into the left femoral vein ,respectively .Blood samples were collected from the right common carotid artery at 15 and 60 min of infusion (T1-2 ) for determination of serum S100β protein concentrations . The rats were then sacrificed after collecting blood samples at T2 and brains were removed for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the cerebral cortex (light microscope ) and ultrastructure of neurons in the cerebral cortex (transmission electron microscope) .Results The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in the other five groups than in group S ( P<0.05 ) .Compared with I and F groups ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were significantly decreased at T1 ,2 in L ,M and H groups ( P<0.05) .Compared with group L ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were significantly decreased at T2 in M and H groups , and the serum S100β protein concentrations were increased at T1 in H group ( P< 0.05 ) . The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in H group than in group M ( P<0.05 ) .Light microscopic examination showed that nucleus condensation , cell necrosis , and cell edema were significantly attenuated in L ,M , and H groups as compared with group I;normal neurons could be found in group M .Transmission electron microscopic examination showed that the severity of neuronal damage was significantly attenuated in L ,M ,and H groups as compared with group I .Conclusion Different doses of propofol can reduce traumatic brain injury in rats .

Objective: To establish the determination method of ester alkaloids in Shiwuweirupeng Capsules. Methods:The chromatographic method was carried out on Aichrom TM C 18 column using CH 3OH 0.05 mol?L -1 KH 2PO 4 CH 3COOH-(CH 3) 2CHOH(67∶173∶4∶4) as a mobile phase. The detection wavelength was set at 230nm. The flow rate was 1mL?min -1 . The column temperature was 35?C. Results: The benzoic acid calibration curves were linear at the ranges of 0.0152～0.076?g( r =0.9998). The average recoveries of aconitine was 93.3% with RSD =1.9%.Conclusion: This method is simple, reliable and provides a reference standard for the quality control of Shiwuweirupeng Capsules.

Objective: To determine tannins in Ershiwuweidatang Capsules (Flos Carthami, Fructus Chebulae, Fructus Terminaliae Billericae, Fructus Phyllanthi, etc.). Methods:Tannins were determined by casein method.Results: The contents of tannins in Ershiwuweidatang Capsules were 0.96%, 0.90%, and 0.85%, respectively. The gallic acid calibration curves were linear at the ranges of 0.8 ～4.0 ?g?mL -1 ( r = 0.999 ). The average recovery of tannic acid was 96.2% with RSD =1.4%( n =5).Conclusion: The method was simple and reliable.

Objective To investigate the effects of remffentanil pretreatment on myocardial ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods Thirty healthy rabbits, aged 12-18 months, weighing 2.5-3.5 kg,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10 each): I/R group, low-dose remifentanil pretreatment group (group R1 ) and high-dose remifentanil pretreatment group (group R2 ). Myocardial I/R was induced by ligation of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 6 h of reperfusion in the 3 groups. Remifentanil was infused intavenously at 1.65 and 3.30 μg· kg - 1 · min- 1 for 30 min before ischemia in group R1 and R2 respectively, while equal volume of normal saline was infused instead in group I/R. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum cardiac troponin-Ⅰ (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) concentrations before administration (baseline), after administration, at 30 min of ischemia and at 6 h of reperfusion. The rabbits were then sacrificed and hearts removed. Myocardial tissues were obtained for microscopic examination. Results Serum cTnI and CK-MB concentrations were significantly lower in group R1 and R2 than in group I/R and serum cTnI concentration lower in group R2 than in group R1 ( P ＜ 0.01). Remifentanil infusion significantly attenuated the pathologic changes in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Remifentanil pretreatment provides protective effect against myocardial I/R injury in rabbits and it is related to the dose.

Objective To investigate the P2X3 receptor expression and electrophysiological characteristics in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in rat with neuropathic pain caused by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve (CCI) Methods P2X3 receptor expressions in L4,L5 and L6 DRG following CCI were observed by using a polyclonal antibody to label the P2X3 receptor ATP-activated currents in corresponding DRG neurons following CCI were observed by using electrophysiological technique Results A significant increase in P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed in the ipsilateral (injured) L4,L5 and L6 DRG and spinal cord on 7,14 d after CCI In small diameter neurons,a significant increase in the number of cells exhibiting a transient current to ATP was observed on 7,14 d after CCI Moreover,amplitude of these currents was increased Conclusion After CCI,the expression and function of P2X3 receptor in corresponding DRG are increased