The segment length,the length of dorsal root attachment of each segment of the spinal cord of 10 adult men were measured.The cross sections from 4 specimens were stained with 1% osmic acid and the area of each section was measured with a com- pensating polar planimeter after being magnified 10 diameters.The segment volume was obtained by multiplying the segment length by the cross-sectlon area. The results shows that the length of spinal cords in Chinese are essentially the same as those from European and Japanese.They are approximately 44cm.in length. The length of each part of the cord in Chinese,European and Japanese were compared. The length of each part of the cord in Chinese and European are essentially alike,but the length of lumbar cord of Japanese appears to be slightly longer. The results show that the weight of the segment was closely related to the segment length. The coronal diameter of each segment is longer than the sagittal diameter,especial- ly it is true in the cervical enlargement.The longest coronal and sagittal diameters are found in the cervical enlargement,the next are in the lumbar enlargement,and the shortest are in the thoracic segment. The volume of the cervical segment and the lumbo-sacral segment is closely rela- ted to their cross-section area particularly to the area of their white matter. The volume of the gray matter of the cervical and the lumbo-sacral segments has a close relation to the gray matter area of the same segment,but that of the thoracic segment is related to its length. It is quite obvious that the volume of the white matter of both the cervical and lumbar enlargements reaches its highest value at segments higher than that of the gray matter,which may indicate that the increase in volume in the gray and white matter are dependent upon each other.

Objective To study the visfatin level changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to study the correlation of visfatin level and atherosclerosis in RA.Methods Fifty cases of patients were divided to the plaque group (33 cases) and plaque-free group (17 cases) according to the carotid intima media thickness checked by carotid ultrasonography.In addition, their blood lipid level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), rheumatoid factors (RFs), anti-CCP, visfatin etc.were measured.Fifty healthy people were set as the control group.The correlation between the visfatin level of RA patients and atherosclerosis was analyzed.The statistical analysis was carried out with independent t-test,analysis of variance, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression.Results The serum visfatin level of RA plaques group was obviously higher than that of the plaque-free group [(47±22) μg/L vs (34±19) μg/L, t=4.361, P＜0.01].The serum visfatin level of RA patients was positively correlated to HOMA-IR (r=0.567, P=0.001), RF (r=0.502, P=0.003), anti-cyclic peptide containing citrulline, (anti-CCP) (r=0.420, P=0.038) and carotid artery IMT (r=0.596, P=0.001).High-density lipoprotein-C (OR=1.009, P=0.020), HOMA-IR (OR=1.450, P=0.006), anti-CCP (OR=1.005, P=0.014) and visfatin (OR=0.971, P=0.008) were independent relevant factors affecting carotid artery IMT.Conclusion The serum visfatin level of RA patients is closely related to atherosclerosis.

The MAPKs activation pathway consists of three protein kinases in activation sequence:MAPKs kinase kinases (MKKKs)→,MAPKs kinases (MKKs)→MAPKs and four pathways:extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK~(ERK)),C-JUN N-terminal kinase (MAPK~(JNK)),MAPK~(P38) and MKKS/MAPK~(ERK5) activation pathways.It has been proved that MAPKs(ERK,JNK and P38) are acvtivated in the progress of morphine tolerance.Inhibitors of any element of MAPKs activation pathway may function as a potential clinical medicine for morphine tolerance.

Objective:To investigate the change of microalbuminuria (MA) in patients with RA and its clinical significance.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2019, data of 75 cases of RA patients were collected from outpatient and inpatient wardsof our hospital, and the data of 75 cases of physical examination wascollected as control. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody, blood lipid, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP antibodyand MA levels were measured respectively. RA patients were obtained by ultrasound Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and brachial artery flow mediated diastolic function (FMD) were measured. The statistical analysis was carried out with independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression. Results:The MA level of RA patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group [(31±5) mg/L vs (25±4) mg/L, t=5.982, P<0.05]. In RA patients, MA level was positively correlated with course of disease ( r=0.327, P=0.015), HOMA-IR ( r=0.576, P<0.01], CRP ( r=0.212, P=0.027), RF ( r=0.585, P<0.01), disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) ( r=0.472, P=0.013), cIMT ( r=0.611, P<0.01) and duration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use ( r=0.274, P<0.01), and urineMA level( OR=1.763, P<0.01) were independent correlation factors affecting cIMT. Conclusion:The level of MA in RA patients is significantly higher than that in normal controls, and is correlated with disease activity and subclinical atherosclerosis, which could be another important predictor of disease follow-up and early screening of subclinical atherosclerosis in RA patients.