To summarize the risk factor,pathogenic bacteria,medical and prevention progress of ventilator-associated pneumonia.It is beneficial to avoid the risk factor of ventilator-associated pneumonia,and to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Neonatal fungal infections include superficial skin infections and deep fungal infections.Fungal infection is more common during the neonatal period,which is related with newborns(especially premature children),low birth weight and immune dysfunction.In addition,long-term application of broad-spectrum antibiotics and adrenal corticosteroids also induce fungal infections.Severe or disseminated fungal infection can lead to serious illness and even death.Neonatal fungal infections usually show no special clinical manifestations,and can thus result in the delayed diagnosis and treatment.This article discussed the pathogenic species of fungal infection and the risk factors.

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome,also known as “Ondine′s curse”,is charac-terized by hypoventilation during sleep and impaired ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. This disorder is associated with a malfunction of the nerves that control involuntary body functions and abnor-mal development of early embryonic cells that form the spinal cord. This review summarized the latest pro-gression in the pathogenesis,clinical symptoms,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis.

This article summarizes the high risk factors and the progress of prevention in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.It is beneficial for early intervention and reducing the morbidity and mortality of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

With the development of management in NICU,nosocomial infection increases gradually.Nosocomial infection monitoring is very important for improving the survival rate of the newborn and crutial for updating the management of NICU.This article discussed the risk factors and prevention strategies of nosocomial infection in NICU.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interventional embolectomy in the treatment of acute massive pulmonary embolism. Methods Interventional managements, including fragmentation, aspiration and dissolving of the embolus, were performed in 12 patients with CTPA-or pulmonary angiography-proved acute massive pulmonary embolism. Clinical manifestations, blood gas tension, hemodynamic changes, the recanalization of the pulmonary artery as well as the occurrence of complications were observed. Results Eleven patients survived and nine patients showed significant clinical improvement. PaO2 was increased from (54.92 ? 6.17)mmHg before the procedure to (90.91 ? 1.62)mmHg after the procedure (P = 0.001), and SaO2 was also increased from (85.17 ? 8.39)mmHg before the procedure to (95.75 ? 1.96)mmHg after the procedure (P = 0.001). Miller score (21.75 ? 4.35 vs 13.83 ? 5.69, P = 0.001) and mPAP (25.59 ? 7.68 mmHg vs 30.04 ? 7.93 mmHg, P = 0.001)decreased significantly. One patient died of pulmonary embolism and one died of intracerebral bleeding three days after the procedure. Conclusion Interventional embolectomy is an effective and safe technique for the treatment of acute massive pulmonary embolism.

Objective To evaluate CT characteristics of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma(PSH) so that to improve the knowledgeof this disease.Methods CT characteristics of PSH pathologically verified were retrospectively analysed.Conventional scan andcontrast-enhanced scan were performed in all the patients.Results 14 lesions were in right lung,while 10 were in left,Diameters of these lesions ranged from 0.8 to 10 cm,and the average diameter was 3.08 cm.3 lesions were located in hilum of lung,while the rest(87.5%)were located in peripheral lung tissue.20 lesions were oval,and 4 were lobulated in morphology.21 lesions were smooth in edge.45.8% of the cases had calcification.All the lesions enhanced obviously on contrast-enhanced scan,and average CT value of(46.62?9.47) HU was increased.The dilated and distorted blood vessels could be detected in 2 large lesions.Conclusion On the basis of general benign tumor features, obvious enhancement and calcification are the characteristics of PSH on CT.

Objective To analyze the CT appearance of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) in order to improve the identification of this disease. Methods Twenty-one cases with PC confirmed by pathology or bacteriology in our hospital during 1980. 1 to 2003.2 were retrospectively analyzed. Nine cases had underlying diseases. Results CT appearances were various, including solitary lesion in 11 cases, multiple lesions of single lobe in 5 cases,and bilateral lesions in 5 cases. Nodules or masses measuring 1-10 cm in diameter were found in 16 cases (32 lesions). Cavitation was found in 1 case. Lobar consolidations were found in 2 cases. Diffuse mixed pattern were found in two cases. Pleural effusion was evident in 1 patient. Lymphadenopathy was showed in 4 patients. Conclusion The CT appearance of PC has various modes and forms. The examination of pathogen and pathology at the beginning is the key point in improving the diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of endovascular embolization through pulmonary artery access in patients with refractory massive hemoptysis in whom systemic artery (SA)embolization is ineffective or contraindicated. Methods A total of 102 patients were treated with SA embolization for hemoptysis. Of the 102 patients, 6 patients had severe persistent hemoptysis despite complete SA embolization and 1 patient had severe hemoptysis following complete bronchial artery embolization and other SA embolization was contraindicated. The underlying diseases were chronic cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 3), chronic cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with aspergilloma (n=1), tuberculous bronchiectasis (n=1), severe necrotizing pneumonia (n=1) and bronchiectasis complicated with pneumatocele (n=1). The findings of SA angiography, main pulmonary angiography and selective pulmonary angiography were analyzed. Endovascular embolization was performed in patients with the detectable pathology in PA and the clinical results were observed. Results The findings of SA angiography showed bronchopulmonary shunting in all cases, and pseudoaneurysm of PA in 2 cases and hypertrophy of peripheral PA in 2 cases. The main PA angiography demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of PA in 1 case and hypoperfusion of the diseased PA in other case. The selective PA angiography demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of PA in 4 cases (1 case with extravasation of constrast medium) and hypertrophy ofperipheral PA in 2 cases. Coil embolizations of the pathologic PA were successfully performed and bleeding ceased in all patients. During follow-up, 1 patient had episodic bloody sputum after embolization, and 2 died day 6 and 15 of severe infection and respiratory failure and the remaining patients were all stable.Conclusions In patients with refractory massive hemoptysis after systemic embolization, the possibility of PA pathology, especially pseudoaneurysm of PA should be considered. Selective pulmonary angiography is necessary to demonstrate the pathology in PA. Endovascular management of the pathologic PA appears to be a safe and effective treatment.