Anthraquinones present in the leaves of Aloe L. are the main active principle for medical purposes. Therefore, to study their relationship is of great interest to the medical profession. Methods　Leaves of 11 species of Aloe L. were studied by phytotomy, histochemistry and phytochemistry. Results　The structures of the aloe leaves were basically similar as characterized by the presence of the large, well developed parenchymatous cells in the phloem pole where anthraquinones were stored. Some positive correlations exist between the contents of anthroquinones in the leaves of different species and different parts of leaves of the same species, and some phytotomic factors including the density of vascular bundles, the ratio of large parenchymatous cells in phloem and the thickness of the chlorenchyma. Conclusion　Results of the study may provide references during purchasing and for the selection and breeding of new improved species.

LEEP electro-scalpel is a type of cervical disease device. It belongs to the high frequency electro-knife in medical apparatus category. There is no domestic LEEP electro-scalpel at present. It is significant and important for the study group to resolve the safety and EMC problem and develop domestic LEEP electro-scalpel which is safe, stable and competitive in price while has the same surgery effect as the imported one.

Military hygiene is one of compulsory courses for undergraduates majored in clinical medicine in military colleges. Aiming at the disconnection between theoretical and practical ability in the traditional teaching process and combining with professional features of military hygiene, teaching reform should give priority to curriculum standards, human resource construction, teaching content and method, teaching quality assessment and feedback system. Meanwhile, teaching idea of‘learning to use’ should be strengthened and teaching scheme in line with the actual needs of military health service security work should be put forward in order to provide new ideas for training military health personnel.

A growing number of people with unilateral breast cancer have chosen to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in order to prevent the occurrence of second primary breast cancer and thus avoid associated treatment and death. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy has been considered beneficial in high-risk populations, such as premenopausal BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. As a result, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy acceptance in patients with no such mutation is controversial. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy can reduce the risk by up to 95%. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the risk of contralateral breast cancer and to make appropriate surgical treatment. A review of risk factors for contralateral breast cancer and the benefits of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in patients with unilateral breast cancer is presented.

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and management of ectopic pancreas.Methods The clinical data of 62 cases of ectopic pancreas,which were diagnosed by endoscopic uhrasonography (EUS)or pathologic findings between July 2006 and December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.The cases were divided into 4 groups according to different ways of management.Group A included 37 patients,who were diagnosed as having ectopic pancreas(＜19mm)by EUS only and were followed up via phone call every 3 months.Eight patients in group B were diagnosed by EUS as having submucosal lesions suspected as ectopic pancreas,and underwent operation because of large size or difficulty in diagnosis.Eight patients in group C received operation for other diseases and the eetopic pancreases were found in operation.Group D included 9 patients who underwent surgery due to malignant tumors.ResultsEctopic pancreas were most commonly found as a single lesion in gastric antrum(35/62,56.5%)with mean size of 9.2±5.4 mm.All patients in group A were asymptomatic,of which 10 received followed-up endoscopy and no changes in size of the lesion were found.All patients in group B,C and D were diagnosed as ectopic pancreas pathologically.Conclusion Ectopic pancrea is relatively common and asymptomatic,only part of them could be diagnosed clinically.Carcinoma arising from the ectopic pancreas is rare and lesion of small size diagnosed by EUS could be followed up endoseopieally.

Objective To compare the efficacy between the two-cuff swan neck catheter and the Tenckhoff catheter in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients prospectively. Methods One hundred and ten patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were selected as candidates, who received catheter implantation and CAPD therapy for the first time. Patients were divided into group A (swan neck catheter group) and group B (Tenckhoff catheter group), 55 patients for each group. Catheters of beth groups had a straight end and were implanted by routine surgical procedure. One-year follow-up was performed and information was recorded such as complications, survival time, quit of dialysis, death, etc. Survival analysis was carried out by Kaplan-Meier method and Log-Rank tests. Results At the end of follow-up, 17 patients died, 3 received renal transplantation, 8 were transferred to hemodialysis, 3 went to other hospitals, and 79 patients (71.8%) remained in our department for CAPD. Twenty-six patients of both groups had peritonitis with a total of 35 occurrences. The total incidence of peritonitis was 0.32 times/patient year, with the detailed figure of 0.35 times/patient year for group A and 0.29 times/patient year for group B respectively (P0.05). The time interval between the catheter implanting and the onset of peritonitis was (30±29) weeks and (29±24) weeks for group A and group B respectively (P0.05). The risk of developing peritonitis in both groups was 26.97% within 1 year. Tunnel infection occurred in 2 patients and exit-site infections in 9 patients of two groups. The incidence of tunnel plus exit-site infections was 0.1 times/patient year. Incidence of tunnel infection and the exit-site infection for group A was lower than that of group B (0 vs 0.036 times/patient year and 0.06 times/patient year vs 0.11 times/patient year respectively). However, the difference was not significant (P0.05). Mechanical complications of catheter (catheter migration, omcntum wrapping, leakage of peritoneal dialysates, slip out of outer cuff), incidence of inguinal hernia and bellyache between two groups were not significantly different (P0.05). There were 4 cases of catheter drawing in each group. Both two groups had the same 12-month technical survival rate as 92.73%. Of 17 dead cases, 7 were in group A and 10 in group B (P0.05). The main death causes were cardiocerebral events (47.1%) and infections (23.5%). The 12-month survival rate was 86.34% for group A and 80.68% for group B (P0.05). Conclusions There are no significant differences of infection, mechanical complications, technical survival rate and patients' survival rate between two groups. The efficacy of swan-neck catheter is similar to Tenckhoff catheter in CAPD patients.

Objective To evaluate the effect of revascularization of the renal artery on urinary microglobulin in patients with coronaryartery disease and significant renal artery stenosis (RAS). Methods Forty-four patients with coronary artery disease and severe RAS (luminal narrowing＞70%) underwent percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty (PTRA) and stenting, as well as percutaneous coronary intervention. The urine -microglobulin (α1-MG) and β2-Cmicroglobulin (β2-MG) at baseline and at 3 months after the procedures were measured. Procedural success rate, procedural complications, serum creatinine concentration at baseline and at 3-months were also recorded. Results At 3-months after the renal revascularization therapy, there was no significant change of urine α1-MG ompared with that of the baseline, however, the urine β2-MG decreased significantly 3-months after the treatment (237±187μg/L vs 377±173 μg/L, P＜0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that persistent elevation of urine was an independent predictor of severe events (including re-admission and renal failure) after renal revascularization therapy in patients with severe RAS (OR=3.01,95% CI 1.01-8.95, P=0.036). Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease and severe RAS, revascularization with PTRA and stenting may improve renal tubular function, but a continuous high level of urinary microglobulins after intervention is associated with more frequent re-hospitalization and renal failure.

Rat transforming growth factor β1 (rTGFβ1) cDNA from rat lymphocytes was cloned by RT-PCR and inserted into pcDNA3 to construct an eukaryotic expression vector, which was named pcDNA3-TGFβ1. The cloned gene was confirmed to code rat TGFβ1 by restriction enzyme analysis, pcDNA3-TGFβ1 plasmid was transfected into rat osteoblasts by using liposome-mediated gene transfer technique and the expression of TGFβ1 was detected by using immunohistochemical staining assay. It was found that the rat TGFβ1 expression product was obviously detectable in the transfected osteoblasts in 48 h. High expression of TGFβ1 was obtained in the rat osteoblasts in which the constructed TGFβ1 expression vector was transfected.

Rat transforming growth factor β1 (rTGFβ1) cDNA from rat lymphocytes was cloned by RT-PCR and inserted into pcDNA3 to construct an eukaryotic expression vector, which was named pcDNA3-TGFβ1. The cloned gene was confirmed to code rat TGFβ1 by restriction enzyme analysis, pcDNA3-TGFβ1 plasmid was transfected into rat osteoblasts by using liposome-mediated gene transfer technique and the expression of TGFβ1 was detected by using immunohistochemical staining assay. It was found that the rat TGFβ1 expression product was obviously detectable in the transfected osteoblasts in 48 h. High expression of TGFβ1 was obtained in the rat osteoblasts in which the constructed TGFβ1 expression vector was transfected.

Objective:To investigate the effects of rituximab on lymphocytes and immunoglobulin in the treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD).Methods:The subjects were FSGS and MCD patients admitted to Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University on July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2019. All the enrolled patients were confirmed by clinical examination and renal biopsy, and received rituximab treatment (4 infusions of 375 mg/m 2 with the interval of 7-14 d). The levels of immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM, and lymphocytes of CD19 +, CD20 +, CD3 +, CD3 +CD4 +, CD3 +CD8 + and natural killer cells (CD56 +CD16 +) were compared between baseline and the third month, the sixth month, the ninth month and the twelfth month after treatment. Results:Ninety-six patients with FSGS or MCD were enrolled in this study. The midian age was 28 years old (14-77 years old). The ratio of men to woman was 1.8∶1. There were 65 cases of MCD and 31 cases of FSGS. After rituximab treatment, the 24 h-proteinuria was significantly lower than that before treatment, and the serum albumin level was increased (both P<0.05). After rituximab treatment of 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months, CD19 + and CD20 + lymphocyte counts were significantly decreased (all P<0.01), and gradually recovered after 6 months. Compared with baseline, at 3, 6, 9, 12 months after rituximab treatment, the level of blood IgG was significantly increased ( P=0.004,<0.001,<0.001,<0.001, respectively), and the level of blood IgM was significantly decreased ( P<0.001, =0.008, =0.005,<0.001, respectively) but the median level still within the normal range (400-3 450 mg/L). The level of blood IgA was not significantly changed (all P<0.05). T lymphocytes (CD3 +, CD3 +CD4 + and CD3 +CD8 +) and natural killer cells (CD56 +CD16 +) showed no significant difference from baseline (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Rituximab can effectively eliminate CD19 + and CD20 + lymphocytes, and has little influence on peripheral blood lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin level except CD19 + and CD20 + lymphocytes. The standard administration of rituximab is safe for patients with FSGS and MCD.