Objective To analyze the clinical features and common etiology of lung nodules in children. Methods The etiology, diagnosis, radiological features from 98 hospitalized children of lung nodules were analyzed. Results Of them, 58 were male and 40 were female aged from 0.2 years old to 14.8 years old. Pulmonary infection were found in 41 cases (41.8%) including tuberculosis in 15 cases (15.3%), pulmonary fungal infection in 13 cases (13.3%), pneumonia in 11 cases (11.2%), lung trematode in 2 cases (2.0%). Pulmonary metastases were found in 28 cases (28.6%), multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in 1 case (1.0%), and pulmonary contusion in 1 case (1.0%) and unknown etiology in 27 cases (27.6%). Conclusions The etiology of lung nodules is complicated, in which infectious diseases are the most commonly seen, followed by pulmonary metastases. Biopsy is the golden standard of diagnosis.

Objective To observe the effect of Kechuanning Oral liquid on the expression of P13K in CD4+and CD8+T cells of asthma rats induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and explore its mechanism of preventing and treating asthma induced by virus. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control group, model group, dexamethasone and salbutamol group (positive drug group), and Kechuanning oral liquid group. Ovalbumin asthma rats model was built and induced by RSV. CD4+and CD8+T cells were separated by magnetic beads method. The expressive level of PI3K-110αin T cells was detected by immumofluorescence method with flow cytometry. Results Compared with PBS control group, positive drug group and Kechuanning oral liquid group, the CD4+and CD8+T cells percentage and the expression level of PI3K-110α in CD4+ and CD8+T cells of model group were significantly higher. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The CD4+and CD8+T cells percentage was not associated with the expression level of PI3K-110α in CD4+ and CD8+T cells of each group by Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion The CD4+ and CD8+T cells involve in the asthma immunity balanced modulation, and the level of PI3K expressed by CD4+ and CD8+T cells increase distinctly. Kechuanning oral liquid can restrain the expression of PI3K in CD4+ and CD8+T cells, which might be one of the immunologic mechanisms of treating asthma.

Objective: To examine pubertal timing across body mass index (BMI) trajectory under polygenic susceptibility in boys and girls,and to provide a reference basis for children’s adolescent development deviation form early intervention strategies. Methods: All the participants were recruited from 1 to 3 grade in 2016 from 2 Bengbu primary school and were followed up for 3 consecutive years. The study comprised 997 children (418 boys) with available data for height, weight, BMI, breast Tanner stages and testicular volume annually. The polygenic risk score (PRS) was computed based on 17 SNPs derived from published genome-wide association studies for early pubertal timing. Group-based trajectory model (GBTM) was used to identified BMI trajectory in children. Accelerated failure time model (AFT) was used to examine associations of different BMI trajectory and polygenic risk with pubertal development in boys and girls. Results: Classes of BMI trajectory were persistently healthy weight, persistently overweight and persistently obesity. Adjusted concomitant variables, boys with persistently obesity exhibited 6.10-mo delay of testicular volume in low polygenic risk group (adjusted TR=1.05，P=0.04). Compared with the girls in persistently healthy weight group, the girls with low PRS were persistently overweight or obesity, which was associated with thelarche age 3.42 and 6.84-mo earlier, respectively (adjusted TR=0.97，0.94,P<0.01). Persistently overweight or obesity in girls with moderate PRS was associated with an earlier age of thelarche timing of 6.72 and 8.96-mo, respectively (adjusted TR=0.94，0.92, P<0.01). At high PRS groups, the persistently obese girls were found to have a more advanced age (10.80 and 12.96-mo, respectively) of thelarche (adjusted TR=0.90，0.88, P<0.01). Conclusion Persistently overweight and obesity is associated with early thelarche in girls, but persistently obesity may increase delayed puberty risk in boys with low polygenic risk.

With the development of medicine technology and the increasing of people’s demand for quality of life, the complexity of doctor-patient relationships is also increasing. Pediatrics is one of the departments with the most concentrated and complex doctor-patient conflicts, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the sick roles and doctor-patient relationships in pediatrics. This paper explained the connotation of the sick role and the doctor-patient social interaction pattern based on Parsons’ theory of "sick role", and analyzed the particularity of the pediatric sick roles in China according to China’s national conditions. Meanwhile, combining the group characteristics and social background of pediatric sick role, this paper elaborated the sociological crux of pediatric doctor-patient relationship in China, and conducted a critical analysis on Parsons’ theory of "sick role".

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between children's and their parents' lifestyles, household environmental exposures and risk of childhood acute leukemia (AL).

METHODSA 1:2 matched case-control study of childhood AL was conducted in Shanghai between April 2011 and January 2014. The study enrolled 66 cases aged < 15, diagnosed with AL and 132 controls matched by age, gender and residence. All of the controls had no hematological diseases or previous history of malignancy. Children who had been adopted and had congenital genetic syndromes such as Down's syndrome or a positive HIV test result were not eligible as either cases or controls. Information was obtained from standardized face-to-face interviews of their parents/guardians with detailed questions on demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and household environment. Conditional logistic regression models were used to analyze effecting factors of childhood AL, odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

RESULTSAmong 198 cases, 66 cases were aged (5.0 ± 3.7) years old, and 132 controls were aged (6.0 ± 3.8) years old (t = 0.48, P = 0.523). The paternal drink frequencies of cases and controls were 57.6% (38/66), and 31.1% (41/132), respectively (χ² = 4.91, P = 0.027). And the frequencies of household insecticides usage in the last year in the two groups were 78.8% (52/66), and 65.2% (86/132) (χ² = 3.87, P = 0.049). Chemical exposure during childhood (OR = 4.76, 95% CI: 1.34-16.89), maternal exposure to chemicals (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 1.65-12.33), household insecticides use during 0-3 years of child (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.31-6.39), and renovating after their children's birth (OR = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.26-7.74) were associated with an increased risk of childhood AL and these differences between the cases and the controls have statistical significance. Besides, we found that frequent contaction with other children during 0-3 years old (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.69) and ventilation during sleeping in summer (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.18-0.98) were associated with a decreased risk of childhood AL.

CONCLUSIONOur results support the association between children's and their parents' lifestyles, household environmental exposures and childhood AL.

Acute Disease ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Insecticides ; Leukemia ; epidemiology ; Life Style ; Logistic Models ; Maternal Exposure ; Neoplasms ; Odds Ratio ; Parents ; Risk Factors

Objective: To explore the effectiveness and safety of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on rescuing pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary failure. Methods: The medical records of patients treated with ECMO admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Shanghai Children's Hospital from December 2015 to November 2017 were retrospectively extracted. There were 14 patients treated with ECMO combined with CRRT (ECMO+ CRRT group) due to acute kidney injury (AKI) or fluid overload, while 11 cases treated with ECMO only. The demographics and clinical characteristics of patients, the indications, details and complications of ECMO and CRRT support, and the survival rates were analyzed. Results: A total of 25 cases including 15 boys and 10 girls with cardiopulmonary failure treated with ECMO were enrolled in this study, whose median age and body weight were 9 (1-117) months and 10 (2-42) kg. The median duration of ECMO support was 199.2 h, and the median duration of CRRT was 78.6 h. Among the 14 cases in ECMO + CRRT group, 12 cases were treated with CRRT connected to ECMO pipeline, and 2 other cases were treated with independently operated CRRT. The serum level of creatinine was significantly higher in ECMO+ CRRT group than that in ECMO group (53 (22- 126) vs. 29 (12- 92) μmol/L, Z=-2.208, P=0.043). There was no significant difference in running time between ECMO+CRRT group and ECMO group ((257±203) vs. (122± 83) h, t=-2.062, P=0.051). And the incidence of thrombocytopenia was higher in ECMO+CRRT group than that in ECMO group (10/14 vs. 3/11 , χ²=4.812, P=0.028). There were no differences in the successful weaning rate and discharge survival rate between ECMO + CRRT and ECMO group (9 vs. 8, χ²= 0.203, P= 0.652 and 8 vs. 8, χ²= 0.659, P= 0.417, respectively). Conclusion The combination of CRRT and ECMO is an effective and safe treatment to alleviate fluid overload and improve kidney function in pediatric patients with cardiopulmonary failure.

Objective:To observe the detrimental effect of airborne black carbon suspension solution of different concentrations on the tear film function of mice.Methods:Twenty-eight SPF-grade male BALB/c mice, aged 6-8 weeks, were randomly divided into four groups, 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, 5 mg/ml group, and control group, with 7 mice in each group.The right eyes of mice were dropped by 4 μl of 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml black carbon suspension, or phosphate buffer solution, 3 times a day according to grouping.Tear volume, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), and conjunctival congestion were assessed before treatment and 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment.The use and care of experimental animals complied with the Regulations for Administration of Laboratory Animals in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (No.XHDW-2022-053).Results:At 14 days after treatment, the tear volumes of 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, 5 mg/ml group and control group were (2.74±0.74), (2.73±0.76), (2.31±0.67), and (5.31±0.36)mm, respectively.TBUT of the four groups were (4.87±0.28), (4.00±0.76), (3.23±0.43), and (6.22±0.22)seconds, respectively.CFS of the four groups were 4(3, 4), 5(5, 6), 7(7, 8) and 0(0, 1) points, respectively.Conjunctival congestion grades of the four groups were 2(2, 3), 2(2, 3), 3(2, 3) and 0(0, 1), respectively.There were statistically significant differences in tear volume among the four groups at different time points ( Fgroup=83.325, P<0.001; Ftime=86.551, P<0.001; Finteraction=5.181, P<0.001). Before and at each time point after treatment, tear volumes were significantly lower in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group than in control group, and tear volumes in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group were significantly lower at 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment than before treatment (all at P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in TBUT among the four groups at different time points ( Fgroup=75.130, P<0.001; Ftime=56.265, P<0.001; Finteraction=6.103, P<0.001). Before and at each time point after treatment, TBUT was significantly shorter in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group than in control group, and the TBUT was significantly shorter in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group at 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment than before treatment, shorter in 1 mg/ml group and 5 mg/ml group at 14 days after treatment than 4, 7 and 10 days after treatment (all at P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in CFS score and conjunctival congestion grades among the four groups at different time points, but the interactions between concentration group and measurement time were not statistically significant (CFS: Hgroup=59.249, P<0.001; Htime=49.959, P<0.001; Hinteraction=15.980, P=0.192.conjunctival congestion grade: Hgroup=57.622, P<0.001; Htime=42.062, P<0.001; Hinteraction=12.565, P=0.401). Before and at each time point after treatment, the CFS scores and conjunctival congestion grades were significantly higher in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group than in control group, and CFS scores and conjunctival congestion grades were significantly higher in 0.5 mg/ml group, 1 mg/ml group, and 5 mg/ml group at 4, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment than before treatment (all at P<0.05). Conclusions:The exposure of airborne black carbon on the ocular surface causes damage to tear film function and ocular surface inflammation in BALB/c mice.Within a certain concentration and time range, the tear secretion decreases, TBUT shortens, CFS and conjunctival congestion increase.

Liver disease is one of the most important health problems around the world， and early diagnosis and timely intervention and treatment are the key to preventing liver-related morbidity and mortality rates. The development of endoscopic techniques has provided new diagnostic and intervention methods for liver diseases. This article reviews the application and development of endoscopic techniques in liver diseases from the following aspects： the technical advances and advantages of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy； the application and development of endoscopic techniques in the treatment of portal hypertension caused by liver abscess/hepatic cyst and liver diseases， as well as interventional techniques in the treatment of liver tumors； the efficacy and prospects of the endoscopic techniques for weight loss， which are relatively new in China， in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Endoscopic techniques may hold promise for wide clinical application and exploration in in liver-related diseases in China， so as to provide more options for patients and doctors.

BACKGROUND: Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a noninvasive technique to detect early nerve damage of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Time in range (TIR) is an emerging metric of glycemic control which was reported to be associated with diabetic complications. We sought to explore the relationship between TIR and corneal nerve parameters in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 206 asymptomatic inpatients with T2DM were recruited. After 7 days of continuous glucose monitoring, the TIR was calculated as the percentage of time in the glucose range of 3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L. CCM was performed to determine corneal nerve fiber density, corneal nerve branch density, and corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL). Abnormal CNFL was defined as ≤15.30 mm/mm 2 . RESULTS: Abnormal CNFL was found in 30.6% (63/206) of asymptomatic subjects. Linear regression analyses revealed that TIR was positively correlated with CCM parameters both in the crude and adjusted models (all P   <  0.05). Each 10% increase in TIR was associated with a 28.2% (95% CI: 0.595-0.866, P  = 0.001) decreased risk of abnormal CNFL after adjusting for covariates. With the increase of TIR quartiles, corneal nerve fiber parameters increased significantly (all P for trend <0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the optimal cutoff point of TIR was 77.5% for predicting abnormal CNFL in asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant independent correlation between TIR and corneal nerve fiber loss in asymptomatic T2DM patients. TIR may be a useful surrogate marker for early diagnosis of DSPN.
Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Blood Glucose ; Nerve Fibers ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Cornea ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods*

Most information used to evaluate diabetic statuses is collected at a special time-point, such as taking fasting plasma glucose test and providing a limited view of individual's health and disease risk. As a new parameter for continuously evaluating personal clinical statuses, the newly developed technique "continuous glucose monitoring" (CGM) can characterize glucose dynamics. By calculating the complexity of glucose time series index (CGI) with refined composite multi-scale entropy analysis of the CGM data, the study showed for the first time that the complexity of glucose time series in subjects decreased gradually from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose regulation and then to type 2 diabetes (P for trend < 0.01). Furthermore, CGI was significantly associated with various parameters such as insulin sensitivity/secretion (all P < 0.01), and multiple linear stepwise regression showed that the disposition index, which reflects β-cell function after adjusting for insulin sensitivity, was the only independent factor correlated with CGI (P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the CGI derived from the CGM data may serve as a novel marker to evaluate glucose homeostasis.
Humans ; Glucose ; Blood Glucose ; Insulin Resistance/physiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis* ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Time Factors ; Insulin