Liver fibrosis is an important pathological hallmark in the early stage of chronic liver injury,which can be gradually treated by drug treatment.Traditional medicine has limited therapeutic effect and is toxic to the normal organs.The drug delivery system based on nanotechnology can overcome the deficiency of traditional drugs to protect the drug which can be delivered to the target cells.Four major types of cells in liver play critical role in liver fibrogenesis,including hepatocytes,hepatic stellate cells,kupffer cells and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.Liver targeted nanomedicine can be delivered to these liver cells based on their material and functional modification and enhance anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effect.They also can reduce the toxic side effects and reverse liver fibrosis.This article gives an overview on current strategies of the application of nanotechnology in targeting treatment for liver fibrosis.

Objective To preliminarily evaluate the diagnostic value of co registration and fusion of positron emission tomography and MR images in Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods Twelve patients with AD (53-83 years) and six normal volunteer (45-71 years) were scanned by positron emission tomography (PET) and MR imaging. The interval between two examination was 1-32 days (average:18 2?11 6 days). The disc and magnetic tape were used to transfer the imaging data to image work station (SGI O 2), then the special software for co registration and fusion: Statistical Parametric Map was used to do automatic co registration between PET and MR images of brain in 3D. Results The findings of PET was completely accorded with the changes of AD in 9 patients (9/12), and accorded with AD, but should be differentiate from other diseases in 3 cases (3/12). According to the measurement of special cerebral structures, MR images could make the diagnosis of AD in 11 patients (11/12), and had no abnormal finding in 1 case. The medial temporal atrophy could be seen on the MR images co registrated with PET in AD patients, on the other hand, PET demonstrated the pink color region of metabolic rate of glucose decreased in temporoparietal lobes of cerebral hemisphere. The similar findings depicted on fusion images as red color region of metabolic rate of glucose decreased in temporoparietal lobes. Conclusion The co registrated images can accurately observe the abnormal findings of PET and MR images, and fix the location of foci depicted by PET, in addition, fusion images increase the contrast of the foci. Analyzing the images of co registration and fusion of PET and MRI can lead to the diagnosis of AD in all the patients.

Objective To investigate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI)and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)in the diagnostic of acute rejection (AR)after liver transplantation.Methods B mode ultrasound,CDFI and ARFI exams were performed on fifty-eight patients who was diagnosed with AR through liver biopsy in our hospital.The liver allograft size,mean velocity of portal vein,hepatic vein spectrum waveform and shear-wave velocity were obtained and compared with the results of 30 healthy subjects as control group.Results Compare to control group,the AR group had a significant increase in liver allograft,decrease in mean velocity of portal vein,the elimination of triphasic wave of hepatic vein,and a significant increase in shear-wave velocity (P =0.000,0.000,0.007,0.000,respectively).The correlation coefficient between four criteria and grouping was 0.478,0.557,0.286,0.483,respectively.The area under ROC curves for diagnosing AR using the four criterias mentioned above was 0.914.Conclusions Combination of CDFI and ARFI in diagnosing of AR after liver transplantation has higher sensitivity and accuracy.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of postoperative complications after pancreas transplantation.Methods Eighty-six post pancreastransplantation patients were examined by CEUS to observe the perfusion of contrast agent,plot timeintensity curve (TIC),and compare to the results of enhanced CT,MRI and pathology.Results Eleven cases of thrombosis,13 cases of rejection and 13 cases of pancreatitis were observed among 86 patients.Result from CEUS showed that:① Distribution of normal pancreatic grafts vascular and parenchyma was even,TIC follows positive skewed distribution.②Thrombosis:there was no perfusion in the embolic vessels and no enhancement or low uneven enhancement in the parenchyma.③ Rejection:perfusion of the parenchyma was slow,peak value was decreased,rising and falling slope of the TIC was reduced with blunt peak.④Pancreatitis:perfusion of the parenchyma was uneven,the regional low enhanced area was visible,clear of the contrast agent was relatively slow,rising slope of TIC was reduced and the peak value was decreased.Conclusions CEUS can monitor the perfusion of the pancreatic grafts vascular and parenchyma,and get useful perfusion parameters.It has been proven as an effective method to definitely diagnose postoperative complications after pancreas transplantation.

Objective To explore the effects of different extraction methods on yield of Smilax glabra polysaccharides and antioxidant activities. Methods Crude polysaccharides were extracted by using cold water, hot water, NaOH aqueous solution, and EDTA?2Na aqueous solution . Antioxidant activities of Smilax glabra polysaccharides were compared by the methods of scavenging superoxide anion radical , scavenging hydroxyl radical or reducing power. Results Yield of crude cold water-soluble polysaccharides, crude boiling water-soluble polysaccharides, crude alkali-soluble polysaccharides and crude acid-soluble polysaccharides were 0.31%, 1.1%, 10.8 %, 2.0%, respectively. Polysaccharides by using four kinds of different extraction methods had strong scavenging superoxide anion radical power; crude cold water-soluble polysaccharides, crude boiling water-soluble polysaccharides , crude acid-soluble polysaccharides had strong scavenging hydroxyl radical and reducing power , the capacity increased with the increasing concentration of Smilax glabra polysaccharides; the scavenging hydroxyl radical and reducing power capacity of crude alkali-soluble polysaccharides is very poor. Conclusion Polysaccharides by using four kinds of different extraction methods have certain antioxidant activity, the antioxidant capacity to scavenge free radical in vitro showed positive correlation with the concentration of Smilax glabra polysaccharides, considering the yield of polysaccharides, EDTA?2Na aqueous solution extraction method is the best.

Objective To optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus by the use of response surface methodology.Method According to the design principle of Box-Behnken, effects of extraction temperature, extraction time , extraction times and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction yield of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharides were studied by response surface methodology,meanwhile regression analysis of these experimental data was used by Design-Expert 8.05b software.Results The optimum extraction conditions from Ophiopogon japonicus were concluded as follows: the extraction temperature was 93℃, extraction time was 2 h, extraction times was 3 times, and solid-liquid ratio was 1:15 g/ml.Conclusion Under these conditions, the extraction yield of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharides is up to 5.440%, and the relative error is 7.328%.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasound multiplex mode in the evaluation ot liver damage caused by brain death.Methods Brain death model were established in 12 Ba-Ma pigs by gradual intracranial compression method.Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI),contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and real-time elastography (RTE) were performed respectively before the model had been established which defined as control group,and at 0 h,3 h,6 h,9 h after brain death,the data were analyzed.According to the pathological changes of liver,the livers were divided into different groups for ROC curve analysis,and the effectiveness of single mode ultrasound and multiplex were compared.Results ①Compared with control group,velocity of portal vein (PVV) decreased,and resistance index(RI),hepatic artery systolic velocity/diastolic velocity (S/D),pulsatility index (PI) increased in experimental group (all P ＜ 0.05);arrival time of the hepatic artery(ATHA),arrival time of the portal vein(ATPV) and arrival time of the inferior vena cava(ATIVC) increased with the extension of brain death time (all P ＜0.05);mean value (MEAN),standard deviation(SD) of the relative strain value within the ROI,area of low strain within the ROI (％ AREA),complexity of low strain area within the ROI (COMP),skewness (SKEW),correlation(CORR) were significant different between experimental group and control group (all P ＜0.05).②RI,ATHA and MEAN demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC =0.518,0.833,0.917) among CDFI,CEUS and RTE indexes.③Combined with ATHA and MEAN had the highest effectiveness in ultrasound multiplex mode to evaluate liver injury caused by brain death.Conclusions Ultrasound multiplex mode combining CEUS and RTE in evaluation of liver injury caused by brain death has higher sensitivity and accuracy.

Objective To compare imaging quality and radiation dose of different anode filter combination for full-field digital mammography.MethodsThe image of FLUKE NA 18-220 phantom were taken at full-field digital mammography (FFDM),system with Mo/Mo,Mo/Rh,Rh/Rh anode/filter combination by automatic exposure control,record the exposure factors and doses.The images on monitor with the best window width and window level were read by 4 independent radiologists,the images of specks groups,nylon fibers and masses was assessed by the 4 experienced readers at the criterion of American College of Radiology 1999 mammography quality control manual.Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance.ResultsThe nylon fibers scores of Mo/Mo,Mo/Rh and Rh/Rh were 5.50 ± 2.12,4.50 ± 1.85 and 4.38 ± 1.38 ; the specks groups scores of Mo/Mo,Mo/Rh and Rh/Rh were 5.38 ± 1.98,4.25 ± 1.56 and 4.38 ± 1.38;the masses scores of Mo/Mo,Mo/Rh and Rh/Rh were 5.38 ± 1.98,4.38 ±1.68 and 4.25 ± 1.56,the detection of specks groups,nylon fibers was not statistically significant ( F =4.56 and 4.32,P ＞ 0.05 ),but the detection of masses was statistically significant ( F =36.65,P ＜ 0.05).The radiation doses were different,the entrance surface dose (ESD) and average glandular dose (AGD) of Rh/Rh were (5.11 ± 1.89) and ( 1.08 ± 0.13 ) mGy,the ESD and AGD of Mo/Mo were (6.66 ± 2.33 )and ( 1.29 ± 0.38 ) mGy,the ESD and AGD of Mo/Rh anode/filter combination were (5.67 ± 2.02) and ( 1.29 ± 0.38) mGy.ConclusionsThe radiation dose of Rh/Rh and Mo/Rh anode/filter combination of FFDM were lower,and the imaging was clear,so Rh/Rh and Mo/Rh anode/filter combination of FFDM prefer to mostly patients,especially when the thinkness is large,Rh/Rh anode/filter combination is preferred,because the kV values was higher,the penetration of X-ray was stronger.The Mo/Mo anode/filter combination was used when the needs of high-resolution,because the detection of masses of it was better.

Objective To compare imaging quality and radiation dose on full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system and dual-sided reading CR mammography (DSCRM) system.Methods The TRM of ALVIM statistics phantom was exposed by FFDM system and (DSCRM) with the same radiation dose.The exposure parameters and the entrance surface dose (ESD) were recorded.Then,the phantom was exposed by DSCRM system with different mAs and same kV,and the ESD was recorded.The images obtained above were read by three radiologists on the monitor of diagnosis work station with the same window width and window level.The evaluation of the images were given using a five-level confidence scale.ROC curves were drawn and probability Pdet were calculated.Results The ROC analysis of microcalcifications and masses showed A(z) values of 0.730-0.925 and 0.670-0.945 for FFDM,and 0.632-0.815 and 0.575-0.785 for DSCRM when the radiation dose is 1.36 mGy.The radiation dose with DR system could be reduced compared with dual-sided reading CR system at the same probabilities Pdet,the ESD reduced from 1.63 mGy to 1.36 mGy by 19.8％,the AGD reduced from 0.65 mGy to 0.56 mGy by 16.0％.Conclusions The observable details with FFDM system were proved to be superior to DSCRM system at the same radiation dose.With the similar image quality,the radiation dose of FFDM system was less than the DSCRM system.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis and grading of acute rejection of the transplanted pancreas after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.Methods Seventy cases pancreas grafts underwent gray scale ultrasound,color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) and CEUS examination,the contrast agent perfusion processes were observed,and the parameters of time intensity curves(time-intensity curve,TIC) were calculated.The CEUS results were compared with the pathological findings.Results Twenty-one cases were acute rejection in 70 cases,of which 10 cases were mild,8 cases were moderate and 3 cases were severe;and 49 cases were non-rejection.①Gray scale and CDFI ultrasound:The pancreatic grafts of acute rejection were edema and enlarged,the parenchyma echo were decreased.The artery resistance index(RI) were significant different between acute rejection group and non-rejection group (0.77 ± 0.05 vs 0.74 ± 0.10,P ＜0.05),but there were no significant differences between mild,moderate and severe group (P ＞0.05).②CEUS:TIC curves showed a significantly longer time to reach peak [TTP,(21.7 ± 4.3)s vs (13.0 ± 2.9) s,P ＜0.01] and significantly reduced peakintensity(PI,18.8 ± 7.9 vs 29.6 ± 2.4,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the mild and moderate groups (P ＞0.05) but statistically difference was found when the severe group compared with the other two groups (P ＜0.05).Conclusions CEUS can be used to observe the perfusion of the vascular and parenchyma of the pancreas,the results also can be quantitative analyzed.It is an effective method for the diagnosis of pancreas acute rejection of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.