In order to explore the possibility of Jerusalem artichoke stalk for bioenergy conversion, we analyzed the main composition of whole stalk, pitch, and core of the stalk. Meanwhile, these parts were pretreated with different NaOH concentrations at 121 degrees C. Afterwards, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed to evaluate the pretreatment efficiency. Jerusalem artichoke stalk was characterized by relatively high lignin content (32.0%) compared with traditional crop stalks. The total carbohydrate content was close to that of crop stalks, but with higher cellulose content (40.5%) and lower hemicellulose (19.6%) than those of traditional crop stalks. After pretreatment, the lignin content in the whole stalk, pitch, and core decreased by 13.1%-13.4%, 8.3%-13.5%, and 19.9%-27.2%, respectively, compared with the unpretreated substrates. The hemicellulose content in the whole stalk, pitch, and core decreased 87.8%-96.9%, 87.6%-95.0%, and 74.0%-90.2%, respectively. Correspondingly, the cellulose content in the pretreated whole stalk, pitch, and core increased by 56.5%-60.2%, 52.2%-55.4%, and 62.7%-73.2%, respectively. Moreover, increase of NaOH concentration for pretreatment could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole stalk and pitch by 2.3-2.6 folds and 10.3-18.5 folds, respectively. The hydrolysis of pretreated stalk core decreased significantly as 2.0 mol/L NaOH was employed, although the increased NaOH concentration can also improve its hydrolysis performance. Based on these results, hot-NaOH can be regarded as an option for Jerusalem artichoke stalk pretreatment. Increasing NaOH concentration was beneficial to hemicellulose and lignin removal, and consequently improved sugar conversion. However, the potential decrease of sugar conversion of the pretreated core by higher NaOH concentration suggested further optimization on the pretreatment conditions should be performed.
Biofuels ; Cellulose ; chemistry ; Helianthus ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrolysis ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; Sodium Hydroxide ; chemistry

Objective By 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy( 1 H MRS) ,small for gestational age (SGA)and appropriate for gestational age(AGA) as the detection of brain metabolites and MRI plus soft-ware measurement in different brain areas of volume,investigate its cerebral metabolites and the changes of brain in different parts of the volume and significance. Methods Select 88 patients eligible infants, SGA group of 27 cases and AGA group of 21 cases of premature infants;SGA group of 22 cases and AGA group of 18 cases of term infants. Preterm infants with a gestational age of 32 to 36 weeks,term infants with a gesta-tional age of 37 to 41 weeks. Check time between 4 to 7 days old. Calculation of cerebrum volume,cerebellar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume and intracranial volume,N-acetylaspartic acid(NAA),as 1H MRS area of metabolites measured right frontal choline compounds( Cho) and creatine compounds( Cr) wave,calcu-lation of Cho/Cr and NAA/Cho ratio of NAA/Cr. Results NAA/Cr,the cerebrum volume and intracranial volume of SGA in premature infants group,term infants group and mixed group were 0. 627 ± 0. 183,(2. 831 ±0. 199) ×105 mm3,(3. 178 ±0. 209) ×105 mm3;0. 706 ±0. 139,(3. 056 ±0. 217) ×105 mm3,(3. 411 ± 0. 212 ×105 mm3;0. 708 ± 0. 171,(2. 932 ± 0. 234) × 105 mm3,(3. 282 ± 0. 239) × 105 mm3,respective-ly. NAA/Cr,the cerebrum volume and intracranial volume of AGA in premature infants group,term infants group and mixed group were 0. 734 ± 0. 101,(2. 987 ± 0. 111) × 105 mm3,(3. 347 ± 0. 137) × 105 mm3;0. 805 ± 0. 106, ( 3. 228 ± 0. 284 ) × 105 mm3 , ( 3. 588 ± 0. 306 ) × 105 mm3; 0. 721 ± 0. 119, ( 3. 098 ± 0.240) ×105 mm3,(3.458 ±0.258) ×105 mm3,respectively. The data of SGA group were all lower than those in AGA group,which had significant difference(P<0. 05,respectively). In SGA group,NAA/Cr,the cerebrum volume and intracranial volume of premature infants group were all lower than those in term infants group,which had significant difference(P<0. 001,respectively). In SGA group,Cho/Cr,cerebellar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume of premature infants group,term infants group and mixed group were[1. 653 ± 0. 343,(1. 816 ± 0. 119) × 104 mm3 ,(1. 651 ± 0. 235) × 104 mm3;1. 588 ± 0. 223,(1. 936 ± 0. 957) × 104 mm3,(1. 623 ± 0. 210) × 104 mm3; 1. 612 ± 0. 262,(1. 870 ± 0. 124) × 104 mm3,(1. 649 ± 0. 206) × 104 mm3 ,respectively. In AGA group, Cho/Cr, cerebellar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume of premature infants group,term infants group and mixed group were 1. 531 ± 0. 226,(1. 872 ± 0. 159) × 104 mm3 ,(1. 731 ±0.280) ×104 mm3;1.528 ±0.107,(2.017 ±0.302) ×104 mm3,(1.648 ±0.169) ×104 mm3;1.583 ± 0.222,(1.939±0.244)×104mm3,(1.681±0.252)×104mm3,respectively.ThedataofSGAgrouphad no significant difference with corresponding AGA group(P >0. 05,respectively). In the premature infants groups,the NAA/Cho of SGA group(0. 401 ± 0. 737) was lower than in the AGA group(0. 506 ± 0. 116), which had significant difference(P=0. 000). In the term infants groups,the NAA/Cho of SGA group(0. 483 ±0. 605) was lower than in the AGA group(0. 472 ± 0. 987),which had no significant difference(P =0. 653). In the AGA groups,NAA/Cr,NAA/Cho,cerebellar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume of pre-mature infants group and term infants group had no significant difference ( P>0. 05 ) . Both of the cerebellar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume between the premature infants AGA group and premature infants AGA group had no significant difference(P>0. 05). Conclusion Neurons in the brain,the cerebrum volume,the cranial cavity volume and NAA/Cr of SGA was significantly lower than those of AGA,but Cho/Cr,cerebel-lar volume and cerebrospinal fluid volume of SGA and AGA had no significant difference. NAA/Cr in the brain and the cerebrum volume of SGA may be associated with low volume of small nerve mental retarda-tion,worthy of further study.

Object To explore the antitumor mechanism of Stellera chamaejasme Linn. (SC). Methods SC containing-serum (SCCS) was derived from mice pretreated with different doses of SC. Cultured human leukemia HL-60 and human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells were used. Inhibition of proliferation was measured using MTT assay. Morphological assessment of apoptosis was performed with fluorescence microscope. DNA fragmentation was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Expression of bcl-2 protein was measured with immunohistochemistry. Results Exposure of exponentially growing HL-60 cells to mice serum containing 10% SC (pretreated with SC 3, 6, and 12 g/kg) for 48 h resulted in growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Typical morphological changes of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells were induced. "Apobodies" in the apoptotic cells were observed, "ladder" pattern of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from these cells was revealed, and the percentage of apoptotic cells with fractional DNA content increased from 11.7% to 57.4%. Treatment with SC containing serum decreased the percentage of SGC-7901 cells of bcl-2 protein positive expression from 78.3% to 32.9%. Conclusion SC could induce apoptosis of HL-60 cells and decrease the expression of bcl-2 protein of gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells.

Objective To analyze the clinical and molecular features of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection in neonates and to investigate their antibiotic resistance profiles.Methods A total of 35 invasive CA-MRSA strains were collected from six hospitals in 2014.Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and spa typing were used to analyze these isolated CA-MRSA strains.In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of those strains to 15 antibiotics were analyzed by using agar dilution method.Results Up to 88.6% patients were late-onset infection and septicemia (24, 68.5%) was the most common infection among the 35 cases.A total of 16 patients (45.7%) suffered from complications.Caesarean section and premature birth were risk factors for invasive CA-MRSA infection.ST59-MRSA-SCCmecⅣa-t437 (14, 40%) was the most predominant CA-MRSA clone, followed by ST59-MRSA-SCCmecⅤ-t437 (13, 37.1%).The incidence of severe complications caused by ST59-MRSA-SCCmecⅤ-t437 was higher than that caused by ST59-MRSA-SCCmecⅣa-t437 (P<0.05).Up to 85.7% of the isolated CA-MRSA strains were multidrug-resistant strains.Conclusion This study shows that neonatal invasive CA-MRSA infections mainly result in septicemia and are often accompanied by complications and involve multiple organs.Multidrug-resistant CA-MRSA strains are prevalent in neonates.ST59-MRSA-SCCmecⅣa-t437 is the predominant clone causing neonatal invasive CA-MRSA infection.

Objective:To observe whether 10.6 μm infrared laser moxibustion provides greater pain and stiffness relief and improves joint function in patients with knee osteoarthritis(KOA)compared with sham laser moxibustion. Methods:A total of 178 patients with KOA were randomly divided into a CO2 laser moxibustion group and a sham laser moxibustion group by block randomization method.Patients in the two groups received 10.6 μm infrared laser moxibustion or sham laser moxibustion treatment symmetrically at bilateral Dubi(ST35),respectively.Patients in both groups received 20 min of treatment,3 times per week for 4 weeks.Treatment effects were assessed by changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index(WOMAC)before treatment,at mid-treatment(2 weeks),at the end of treatment(4 weeks),and 4 weeks after treatment.Completion time for walking 50 yards was evaluated as a secondary measurement. Results:There were no statistical differences in the WOMAC scores for pain,stiffness,and function between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).Patients in the CO2 laser moxibustion group experienced greater improvement in WOMAC pain,stiffness,and function scores at mid-treatment,the end of treatment,and 4 weeks after treatment(P<0.05).No significant inter-group difference was found at each assessment of the 50-yard walking time(P>0.05). Conclusion:Compared with the sham laser moxibustion,10.6 μm laser moxibustion can significantly reduce pain and improve knee joint stiffness and function in patients with KOA.

Objective To evaluate the speech recognition ability in noise enviroment in older adults with age-related hearing loss and to discuss the influences of age ,hearing loss and cognitive function on the ability of speech recognition in noise enviroment .Methods A total of 90 older adults aged over 60 years at the hearing clinic of Xinhua hospital were divided into three groups according to the age ,which were 60~69 y group (88 ears) ,70~79 y group (64 ears) ,> 79 y group (28 ears) .All the participants completed pure tone audiometry ,the Mandarin hearing in noise test (MHINT) and the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) .The pure tone average hearing threshold (PTA) ,signal-to -noise ratio (SNR) of MHINT and MMSE scores were obtained .We used the statis_tical software SPSS 17 .0 to analyze the correlations among age ,PTA ,adaptive SNR and MMSE scores .ResuIts ①PTA and SNR increased with the age .The difference of PTA and SNR for different age groups was statistically sig_nificant (P<0 .01) .②The difference SNR among different PTA groups were significant (P<0 .01) ,and when the influence of MMSE scores was controlled the difference was still significant .There was a significant linear correlation between PTA and SNR (r=0 .326 ,P<0 .01) .MMSE scores decreased with the increasing of PTA ,and there was also a linear correlation between PTA and MMSE scores (-0 .187 ,P<0 .05) .③Adaptive SNR and MMSE scores were correlated (r= -0 .201 ,P<0 .01) ,but there was no significant linear relationship .Besides ,SNR of the cog_nitive function impairment group (<27 points) was significantly greater than that of the normal cognitive function group (27~30 points) (P<0 .01) .However ,among the three PTA groups ,the differences were not statistically significant .ConcIusion The hearing in noise test reflects the ability of speech recognition in noise enviroment in ol_der adults ,and can be used to assess the hearing functions in elder .Speech recognition in noise ,peripheral hearing loss and cognitive functions are relevant .Cognitive functions have an influence on the evaluation of the hearing func_tion for older adults .

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and risk factors in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at matched gestational age.Methods Data collected by the medical records of neonates from November 2007 to December 2010 in our neonatal database were analyzed.Patients'information was recorded from birth to discharge from NICU.Data included age after birth (hours),gestational age,body weight at birth,treatment,and maternal demographics.The statistical study was carried out by SPSS version 13.0 software.Mann - Whitney U test was used for numerate data.Fisher's exact probability test and Pearson's chi - square test were used to compare quantitative variables between independent groups.P values were considered significant when they were less than 0.05 ( two - sided).ResultsThe incidence of ROP was 5.38％.Gestational age of ROP group and control group was matched ( P =0.387 ),but difference in body weight at birth was significant ( P =0.045 ).Age after birth was significantly different ( P =0.013 ).Apnea and anemia were significantly different between two groups (P ＜ 0.01). The differences in duration of hospitalization,NCPAP and use of antibiotics between two groups were significant ( P ＜ 0.002,0.000 and 0.000,respectively).ROP group differed from control group greatly in hospitalization expenses.Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that oxygen supplenentation ( P =0.0237 ) and infection ( P =0.0118) were risk factors of ROP. ConclusionsThe incidence of ROP in NICU in Beijing Children's Hospital was 5.38％.Inhalation of oxygen supplementation and infection were risk factors of ROP.

Objective: To explore serum levels of measles and rubella IgG antibodies among mothers and infants. Methods: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 319 puerperae and their infants in maternal hospitals of Songjiang district November 2016 to February 2017, venous blood were collected and serum measles and rubella IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA. To study the correlation between the level of measles and rubella antibodies in infants and mothers′ by using the Spearman′s correlation analysis. Results: The age at delivery was (29.71±4.25) years old; and the gestational age at delivery was (39.06±1.30) weeks. The positive rate and protection rate of measles antibody in puerperae were 82.5% (243/319) and 43.3% (135/319), the GMC [M (QR)] was 655.74 (251.21-1 299.02) mIU/ml. The positive rate of rubella antibody in puerperae was 61.1% (195/319), the GMC [M (QR)] was 31.34 (11.65-73.61) IU/ml. The positive rate and protection rate of measles antibody in infants were 84.1% (270/321) and 46.1% (148/321), the GMC [M (QR)] was 665.07 (279.63-1 544.07) mIU/ml. The positive rate of rubella antibody in infants was 69.5% (223/321), the GMC [M (QR)] was 40.30 (16.12-98.48) IU/ml. There was statistical difference in measles (Z=-14.64, P<0.001) and rubella (Z=-8.66, P<0.001) antibody levels between mothers and infants. There was positive correlation in measles (r=0.76, P<0.001) and rubella (r=0.86, P<0.001) antibody level between mothers and infants. Conclusion The maternal antibody of measles and rubella had a concentration effect. The level of measles and rubella antibodies in the infants was higher than that in the mothers′ and increased with the increase of the level of measles and rubella antibodies in the mothers.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of endoscopic injection of norepinephrine on cerebral infarction complicated by stress-induced gastrointestinal bleeding.Methods:A total of 150 patients with cerebral infarction complicated by stress-induced gastrointestinal bleeding who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Lishui City People's Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were included in this study. These patients were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group using the random number table method, with 75 patients in each group. Patients in the control group received routine clinical treatment, while those in the observation group received endoscopic injection of norepinephrine in addition to routine clinical treatment. The hemostatic time, blood transfusion volume, and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. The stress index and inflammatory index were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. The hemostatic effect and adverse reactions were evaluated in each group.Results:The hemostatic time, blood transfusion volume, and length of hospital stay in the observation group were (16.16 ± 4.36) hours, (385.35 ± 41.28) mL, and (5.35 ± 1.28) days, respectively, which were significantly shorter or less than (27.27 ± 6.34) hours, (447.07 ± 32.07) mL, and (7.07 ± 2.07) days in the control group ( t = 12.50, 10.22, 6.12, all P < 0.001). After treatment, the levels of cortisol, norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the observation group were (288.33 ± 19.53) mmol/L, (29.17 ± 4.26) μg/L, (4.08 ± 1.08) mU/L, (38.27 ± 8.72) ng/L, (6.69 ± 1.35) μg/L, and (6.37 ± 1.51) mg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (327.22 ± 22.01) mmol/L, (39.32 ± 5.54) μg/L, (5.36 ± 1.22) mU/L, (51.24 ± 13.23) ng/L, (8.67 ± 2.29) μg/L, and (11.44 ± 3.13) mg/L in the control group ( t = 11.44, 12.57, 6.80, 7.08, 6.45, 12.63, all P < 0.001). The overall response rate of hemostasis in the observation group was 94.67% (71/75), which was significantly higher than 82.67% (62/75) in the control group ( χ2 = 5.37, P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 8.00% (6/75), which was slightly, but not significantly, lower than 14.67% (11/75) in the control group ( χ2 = 1.66, P > 0.05). Conclusion:Endoscopic injection of norepinephrine for the treatment of cerebral infarction complicated by stress-induced gastrointestinal bleeding can rapidly stop bleeding, effectively reduce inflammation,improve stress index, and be highly safe.

Objective　Digital silhouette angiography in animal models is limited by the lack of methods that can perform continuous intra-arterial manipulations.We aimed to investigate the way that allowed to repeat interventional maneuvers through a single sheath access in the rat caudal artery.Methods　Six adult male Sprague Dawley rats (650~700 g) were anesthetized,the caudal arteries were exposed and a fish-mouth-shaped incision was made with a microscissor.After the access was established,whole brain angiography and aortic dilatation with balloon and stent catheters were performed via the tail artery sheath access to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the tail artery sheathing method as an interventional access.Results　The diameter of caudal artery approximately (1.19±0.14) mm,and the 18G sheath was successfully implanted with guidewire.The sheathing time of the caudal artery (11.00±1.90 min,P<0.01) was significantly reduced compared with the carotid artery (24.50±4.50) min and the femoral artery (18.17±3.43) min.A balloon catheter and a stent catheter could be passed through the caudal artery sheath and released in the aorta,and the catheter could be withdrawn smoothly after the release.Each rat can be used for multiple tail artery sheathing operations,and repeatable angiographic and interventional procedures can be performed through a single sheath channel.Conclusions　The method of establishing interventional access using a sheath introduced through the rat tail artery is suitable for intravascular imaging,treatment,and the construction of rat animal models.This method further enhances the scope of application of rats as human disease models.