Objective To investigate the synergetic effect of combined astaxanthin ( AST) and lith-ium chloride ( LiCl) treatment on cognitive dysfunction of chronic omethoate poisoned mice. Methods 8 mice were selected randomly as control group from 55 healthy adult male Kunming mice,and the rest were used to establish chronic organophosphate poisoning cognitive impairment models by injecting omethoate 5 mg/kg subcutaneously every day for 4 weeks. Totally 40 successfully established models were randomly divid-ed into model group,AST group,edaravone group,LiCl group and AST+LiCl group with 8 in each. Morris wa-ter maze test was used to examine the learning and memory ability of mice. Contents of reactive oxygen spe-cies (ROS) in hippocampus were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) in hippocampus was measured by colorimetric assay. Morphology of hippocam-pus area was observed by HE staining. The distribution and expression of p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-GSK3β and p-CREB were determined by immunohistochemical staining ( IHC staining) and Western blot. Results The average escape latency of 5 days in each group was statistically significant (F=1662.147, P<0.05) . The av-erage escape latency of 5 days in AST+LiCl group was significantly lower than that in model group ( all P<0.05) and was lower than other treatment groups. Compared with the control group (0.087±0.007,0.084± 0.009,0.097±0.002,0.076±0.012),the hippocampal neuronal injury in model group was serious,the expres-sions of p-PI3K (0.032±0.008),p-Akt (0.03±0.006),p-GSK3β (0.028±0.007) and p-CREB (0.020± 0.008) was significantly lower ( all P<0.05) . The injuries of hippocampal neurons in AST+LiCl group were slightly lighter than that in model group,and the expression of p-PI3K (0.067±0.008),p-Akt (0.065± 0.005),p-GSK3β (0.068±0.009) and p-CREB (0.062±0.008) in hippocampus was significantly higher than that in model group ( all P<0.05) . Conclusion Combined AST and LiCL treatment exerts neuroprotec-tive effect on cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic organophosphate poisoning via up-regulating the ex-pression of Akt/GSK3β/CREB.

Objective:To discuss the role of clinical pharmacists in perioperative drug treatment for a patient after renal transplan-tation. Methods:Clinical pharmacists participated in the drug therapy for a patient after renal transplantation. Pharmaceutical care and health education were performed for the patient in the aspects of immunosuppression, anti-hepatitis B virus, gastric mucosa protection, diarrhea, acute rejection and the other treatment programs. Results:The participation of clinical pharmacists in the clinical treatment for the patient improved therapeutic scheme and promoted therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion:The participation of clinical pharmacists in clinical drug therapy for patients can provide individualized service to improve reasonable, effective and economical drug use.

BACKGROUND: Earthworms are one of the most important constituents in the ecosystem and become an environmental information carrier between terrestrial organisms and soil ecosystem. They were known as important non-target terrestrial soil organisms for assessing the general impact of pollution on the soil community. Protein content and growth rate in response to organic and heavy metal contaminants in soil are often used to assess the soil ecotoxicity.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone,one representative of hydroxyanthraquinones, on the earthworm eisenia foetide under laboratory conditions of the growth rate and protein content.DESIGN: Experimental study based on the experimental animals.SETTING: Eco-toxicological laboratory and genetic laboratory in a university.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Eco-toxicological Laboratory and the Genetic Laboratory, Dalian University of Technology from February to July 2004. Eisenia foetide, a kind of international standard earthworm, were maintained in a soil mixture before experiments. Earthworms used in this study were healthy adults with 1 -2 month old and 200 - 300 mg mass and the number of the earthworms in each analytical experiment was 10.METHODS: The earthworms were removed from the soil 12 hours before use and stored in Petri dishes on damp filter paper to void gut contents.Then, these earthworms were exposed for various durations to soils contaminated. The earthworm weight and protein content were determined respectively at every 7 days interval.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effects of 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone on growth rate and protein content of earthworms.RESULTS: No lethal effect of 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone was observed even at the highest concentration(1.0 g/kg soil) of exposure. The sub-lethal effect, however, was evident at all the concentration scale. 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone caused a significant reduction in the growth rate (maximum -22. 5% ) at the dosage of 1.0 g/kg and 28 days contact time.Additionally a reduction in total soluble protein was observed in all treated worms(maximum- 39.6% ) at the dosage of 0. 8 g/kg and 7 days contact time.CONCLUSION: 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone was potentially dangerous to the soil ecosystem and more ecological risk assessment of this chemical material should be thoroughly carried out.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of problem-based learning(PBL)mode in the clinical pharmacist teacher training. Methods:The specific implementation content,process and organizational methods of PBL mode were introduced in the clinical pharmacist teacher training. Results:Through the scientific analysis on the student marks,the results showed that the theoretical test scores of the students were increased by average 30 points when compared with those before the training,and the average score of clinical practice was more than 85 points. The achievement fully reflected the significant effect of PBL teaching courses and the reasonable design of teaching plan. Conclusion:The first application of PBL mode in the clinical pharmacist teacher training was welcomed by all the students. The teaching method not only improves the purpose and funny of learning,but also allows students to explore a targeted manner and apply theoretical knowledge in order to improve the analysis and problem-solving skills,and obtain more systematic and solid theoretical knowledge to closely integrate with the clinical needs, therefore,PBL mode is worthy of promotion.

Objective To monitor ventilator-associated event (VAE) for the first time in an intensive care unit (ICU) in China,understand the applicability,incidence,and clinical significance of VAE in China.Methods Targeted monitoring on VAE was performed among patients ≥18 years and with mechanical ventilation (MV)＞2 days in the ICU of a hospital between January 2014 and September 2015,incidence of VAE was calculated,and patients were grouped according to whether or not they had VAE,prognostic factors were analyzed statistically.Results A total of 1 004 patients were monitored,the total hospital stay was 13 795 days in patients who used ventilator,307 (30.58％) cases of VAE occurred,incidence of VAE per 1 000 ventilator-days was 22.25.Univariate analysis showed that patients with VAE had longer length of ICU stay and MV,and higher mortality rate than patients without VAE when they moved out of ICU (all P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that VAE was independent risk factor for length of ICU stay,duration of MV,as well as mortality when patients moved out of ICU(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Judgment of VAE is based on MV parameters,it is more objective and accurate.There is a high incidence of VAE among ICU patients,it may lead to poor clinical outcomes,and has good values for the targeted monitoring on ICU patients in large comprehensive hospitals of China.

Objective:To discuss the training method of teachers for clinical pharmacists. Methods:The application of problem-based learning ( PBL) in the training of teachers for clinical pharmacists was introduced. Results and Conclusion: PBL centers on trainees, and can notably improve the learning enthusiasm, expression and communication skills and logical thinking preciseness of the trainees. Meanwhile, the method shows great significance in improving the teaching ability.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate clinical efficacy and safety of linezolid in the treatment of intracranial infection after neurosurgery operation. METHODS:Medical information of 39 intracranial infection patients receiving linezolid in Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University during Jul. 1st,2015-Aug. 29th,2016 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical efficacy andsafety of linezolid in the treatment of intracranial infection after neurosurgery operation were evaluated according to indexes of intracranial infection patient,such as symptoms,signs,lab indexes test and bacterial culture results. RESULTS:Total response rate of 39 intracranial infection patients after neurosurgery operation was 79.49％ after linezolid treatment. After treatment,the patients' body temperature,white blood cell,neutrophil absolute value,white blood cell in cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid protein level were all significantly lower than before treatment,with statistical significance(P<0.05). Of 39 patients,cerebrospinal fluid of 27 patients were cultured before treatment,and 8 cases(29.6％)of which were positive,among which there were 6 cases (75.0％) of Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. No obvious ADR related to linezolid was found in patients. CONCLUSIONS:Linezolid can effectively control the intracranial infection caused by Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Enterococcus with good safety.

Objective:To evaluate the correlation of active inflammatory changes of the symphysis pubis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with clinical factors in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.Methods:We retrospectively evaluated 112 patients with axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA) in our hospital from February 2014 to November 2020. Patients were divided into 4 groups: symphysis pubis + sacroiliac arthritis, symphysis pubis + non-sacroiliac arthritis, non-symphysis pubis + sacroiliac arthritis, and non symphysis pubis + non-sacroiliac arthritis group. Intra-group correlation coefficient ( ICC) was used to analyze the correlation between MRI active inflammation of the symphysis pubis and the sacroilioarthritis. Age, sex, symptom duration, smoking, body mass index, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 positive rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) among the four groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test. Results:The proportion of active inflammation of the symphysis pubis was 35.7% (40/112). There was no correlation between active inflammation of the symphysis pubis and sacroilioarthritis ( r=-0.06, P=0.559). Twenty-four patients of the 69 patients with sacroilioarthritis had active inflammation of the symphysis pubis, 16 patients of the 43 patients without sacroilioarthritis had active inflammation of the symphysis pubis. In patients without active inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, the CRP and ESR of the active inflammation of the symphysis pubis group was (49±60) mg/L, (40±19) mm/1 h, statistically higher than that of the non-active inflammation group (19±22) mg/L, (22±37) mm/1 h ( t=2.36, P=0.023; t=2.88, P=0.006). In patients who had active inflammation of the symphysis pubis, the symptom duration of the non-active inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, was (14±9) years, which was significantly longer than that of the active inflammation group (5±4) years ( t=4.07, P=0.001). Conclusion:There is no correlation between active inflammatory changes of the symphysis pubis and bone marrow edema of the sacroiliac joint. Therefore, in ax-SpA patients with inflammatory low back pain and/or hip/groin pain, and also with high levels of CRP, ESR, but no active inflammatory changes of the sacroiliac joint on MRI scans, active inflammation of the symphysis pubis should be considered.

Objective To determine the water absorption coefficient of single-flavor root and rhizome Chinese herbal medicine pieces at room temperature, and guide the water addition in the decoction process of decocting machine of Chinese herbal.Methods The water absorption coefficient of 222-flavor root and rhizome Chinese herbal medicine pieces were studied, the simulated prescriptions were decocted according to the recommended formula of the decocting machine manufacturer and the water absorption coefficient, and the amount of liquid were obtained by the two methods which were compared with the amount of liquid required.Results The water absorption coefficients of roots and rhizomes with different textures were quite different.The amount of liquid obtained according to the manufacturer′s recommended formula was quite different from the amount of liquid required and there was no rule to follow.The error of the amount of liquid obtained according to the water absorption coefficient and the amount of liquid required was small and regular.Conclusion The experimental determination of the water absorption coefficient of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces could guide the amount of water added to the decoction machine.

Objective:To investigate the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)in gynecological patients in a hospital and analyze the use rationality of PPIs for the prevention of stress ulcer so as to provide reference for the clinical application of PPIs. Methods:To-tally 1000 patients' medical records admitted to the gynecological department for the first time from January 1st to December 31st in 2016 were randomly selected to conduct a retrospective analysis,and the rationality of PPIs was evaluated. Results:The preventive use rate of PPIs was 90.72%(880/970). Among the 880 patients, 28.18%(248/880) of the patients were without indications for the preventive medication,95.68%(842/880) of the patients were with wrong administration time, and 91.46%(578/632) of the pa-tients were with wrong usage and dosage. Conclusion:When PPIs are used for the prevention of SU in gynecological surgery,irrational use such as without indications, unsuitable variety selection and wrong usage and dosage still exists. It is suggested that regulators should strengthen technical and administrative interventions and establish standard for the rational use of PPIs in hospitals so as to avoid the excessive use of PPIs and improve the situation of inappropriate application.