Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane combined anesthesia on the early cognitive function of the elderly patients.Methods 120 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery in our hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were selected and randomly divided into two groups:sevoflurane group 60 cases, sevoflurane anesthesia during operation and propofol anesthesia 60 cases, propofol anesthesia during operation.MMSE was used to detect the cognitive function at one day before operation, one day, three days and seven days after surgery respectively.The blood samples were taken from the patients of the two groups at the time of one day before operation, one hour after operation and one day after operation, the levels of serum TNF-αand IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . The recovery time and adverse reactions were observed after operation.Results The average recovery time was (18.94 ±3.32) min in the propofol group and (10.62 ±2.31) min in the sevoflurane group, the sevoflurane group was better than the propofol group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The scores of MMSE were significantly lower in the sevoflurane group one day after operation than those in the one day before operation, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The scores returned to the preoperative level three days and seven days after operation.In the propofol group, the MMSE score was significantly lower at one day after operation than that before operation, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), but increased three days after operation but did not reach the preoperative level, and sevoflurane group, the difference was statistically significant.After treatment, the levels of TNF-and IL-6 in serum of two groups increased, the level of TNF-αand IL-6 in the propofol group one hour after operation and one day after operation were significantly higher than those in the sevoflurane group, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P <0.05 ).Conclusion The sevoflurane compound anesthesia in patients after surgery, the recovery of cognitive ability faster, fewer side effects in patients.

Objective To study the imaging characters of spinal teratomas.Methods 10 cases of spinal teratomas were analyzed with clinical and radiography. 8 cases intramedullary, 2 cases extramedullary. 10 cases had MR examination. Results The location of spinal teratomas in 5 cases was in lumbar, 3 cases in thorax, 1 case in thoracolumbar, 1 case in cervical. 7 cases were multicyst type, 3 cases were singlecyst type. 10 cases of MR image showed mix signal intensity. The contrast enhancement T 1WI with fat saturation presented disappear fat signal of spinal teratomas. The teratomas heterogeneous enhancement was found in 10 cases with MR examination. 3 cases lumbosacral area of spinal teratomas united tethercord. Conclusion Neuroradiological features of spinal teratomas has specific manifestation. The T 1WI fat saturation scan is a availability nicety method for spinal teratomas.

Objective To analyse the imaging characters of intracranial malignant teratomas (IMT). Methods The imaging appearances of IMT were analyzed in 15 pathologically proved IMT. MRI were performed on all the 15 cases, CT on 8 of them. Results Thirteen IMT showed as a lobular cyst solid mass with clear borders. The solid portion of IMT displayed iso (6/13) to hypointense(7/13) on T 1WI and iso (2/13) to hyperintense(11/13) on T 2WI. The heterogeneous enhancement was found in 11 cases, homogeneous in 2. Two IMT exhibited as the intrasellar solid lesions involving thalamencephalon. Calcification was found in 8 IMT on CT scan. No fat was demonstrated in the tumor on both CT and MR. Conclusion IMT displays relatively typical appearances on imaging studies. Together with the CT scan, The MR study may make the diagnosis before the operation.

Objective　To evaluate the value of CT MRI in diagnosing skull base chondromas.Methods　8 cases of skull base chondromas were analyzed with etiology,pathology,imaging fetures and differential diagnosis.5 cases were female,3 cases were male,age ranged from 25 to 48 years.The clinical presentation of 8 cases of skull base chondromas had neurologic syndrome.And 3 cases were examined with CT,MR imaging ,4 cases with MR imaging,1 case with CT scanning.Results　In this series of 8 chondromas,3 located in the cavernous sinus,2 in the clival region,2 in the region of jugular foramen,1 in the frontal cranial fossa.Intratumoral calcification was found in 4 cases with CT examination.Heterogeneous enhancement was found in 4 cases with CT examination.The margin of chondromas on CT was well defined.Conclusion　CT have a very important diagnosis values for detecting tumors on chondromas.MRI is superior to CT for delineating the growth style of the tumor and its relationship to the surrounding anatomic structures.

Objective To evaluate CT and MRI for the diagnosis of cranial extradural empyema.Methods The imaging features in 4 patients with cranial extradural empyema were analyzed.Results 2 cases in frontal,1 case in frontalparietal,1 case in posterier cranial fossa,in this series of 4 cranial extradural empyemas was found homogenous enhancement of dural,and thickened meninges surrounding the empyema.In the series of 1 case show bony thickening and thin.Conclusion The CT and MR of cranial extradural empyema can well demonstrate the morphological and pathological evidence of ivolved menings.Therefore,CT and MR is the most diagnostic value in cranial extradural empyema.

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of set-up correction on dosimetry using non-daily kilovolt cone-beam computed tomography (KVCBCT) for nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated with intensitymodulated radiotherapy (IMRT). MethodsThe mean shift values from 14 nasopharyngeal cancer patients received KVCBCT scans during the first 5 treatment fractions were calculated as prediction of systemic set-up errors and used for off-line correction at 1.5 mm threshold level. Presumed that the systemic errors can be corrected by moving couch without residual errors, the pre-correction set-up errors in the remaining fractions were the sum of actual set-up errors and predicted errors. The dosimetric effects of non-daily protocol were simulated in the planning system and analyzed with physical dose parameters in 14 IMRT plans. ResultsIn 10 patients with predicted systemic errors ＞ 1.5 mm, target dose was reduced significantly. The mean reduction of GTV-D98 ( dose received by 98％ of the volume of GTV ), CTVnx-D95 ( dose received by 95％ of the volume of CTVnx ), CTV1 -D98 ( dose received by 98％ of the volume CTV1 ) were 3. 8 Gy ( Z =- 2. 81,P =0. 005 ) ,4. 8 Gy ( Z =- 1.96, P =0. 050 ), 1.0 Gy ( Z =- 2. 82, P =0. 005 ), respectively. The effect on dose to CTV2 was much less. After correction, mean 3D vector positioning errors was reduced from 3. 6mm to 2. 3 mm (t =2.00,P =0. 000). After correction, the dose led to increase in GTV-D98, CTVns-D95,CTV1-D95 was 3.8 Gy (t=-2. 70,P=0.007),5.0 Gy (t =-2. 15,P=0.030),0.9 Gy (Z=-2.80,P=0. 005 ) respectively, and reduced the dose deviation greater than 3％ or 5％ for organs at risk.Conclusion Non-daily KVCBCT correction reduced dosimetric effect of set-up errors in IMRT for nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

Objective To evaluate the dose distribution of the target volume and the cranial base in nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC ) treated with facial-cervical fields, and to analyze the differences of dose distribution using different isoeenters with the CT-simulator and treatment planning system (TPS). Methods Eleven patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated by conventional radiotherapy as their primary treatment. All patients were simulated by the conventional simulator and the field borders were marked with thin lead wires on the mask. Then the patients were scanned by the CT-sim with the same immobilization. The planning CT images were transferred to the TPS and the field borders were copied on the DRR, and then GTV and the cranial base were contoured on the coronal CT slices. Two isoeenters were chosen, including one in front of the 1 st cervical vertebra to measeure the depth of the nasopharynx and the other in front of the 3rd cervical vertebra to measure the depth of the upper neck. The prescription dose of 36 Gy was given in 18 fractions. Dose distributions of GTV and the cranial base were calculated with TPS. Results The actual dose of 95% volume of GTV was 33.31 -35.54 Gy (median 34.83 Gy) and 31.43 -33.36 Gy (median 32.44 Gy) when the isoeenters were set in the nasopharynx and the superior neck, respectively. The corre-sponding actual dose of 95% volume of the cranial base was 17.76 - 34.60 Gy ( median 30.28 Gy ) and 16.52 -32.60 Gy (median 28.52 Gy), respectively. Conclusions For NPC patients treated with conven-tional radiotherapy using facial-cervical fields, the actual dose of GTV and the cranial base is lower than the prescribed dose whenever the isocenter is set in the nasopharynx or the upper neck,which is more significant in the latter. The isocenter should be set in the nasopharynx when the conventional radiotherapy is applied and a boost of 4- 8 Gy should be given when the cranial base is involved.

Objective To analyze the dose distributions of changing target volumes during intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Twenty-one NPC patients received definitive IMRT. A total of 126 computed tomography (CT) planning images were acquired, including the first CT scan for the primary plan and a series of scans taken weekly from the start of treatment to the fifth week. The images were registered to the planning images. Target volumes (GTV_(nx), CTV_1 ,CTV_2 ,PTV, and PTV_2) and normal structures (the parotid, brain stem and spinal cord) were re-contoured on the fusion CT images. Results The D_(mean) D_(95), D_(90), D_(10), D_5 and V_(100) of GTV_(nx) were 15.44 -15.60 Gy (F=0.07,P=0.996),14.66 -14.92 Gy (F=0. 11,P=0.990),14.81 -15.06 Gy (F= 0. 12,P=0.988),15.88 -16.29 Gy (F =0.28,P=0.924),16.00 -16.38 Gy (F=0.25,P =0. 940) and 98. 1% -99. 5 % (F = 0. 08, P = 0. 995), CTV_1 with 14. 75 -14. 98 Gy (F = 0. 07,P = 0. 997), 13.39 -13.73 Gy (F=0.20,P=0.964),13.74 -13.96 Gy (F=0.08,P=0.995), 15.65 -15.90 Gy (F= 0.09,P=0.994),15.91 -16.05 Gy (F=0. 10,P=0.992), 98.2% -99.5% (F=0.02,P= 1.000), and CTV_2 with 13.34 -13.64 Gy (F=0. 18,P=0.970),12.71 -13. 18 Gy (F=0.32,P=0.898), 12.89 -13.28Gy(F=0.23,P=0. 949) ,13.79 -14.03Gy(F=0. 12,P=0. 987) ,13.92 -14. 16 Gy (F=0. 12,P=0.987), 94.4% -99.6% (F=0.25,P=0.937), respectively. Conclusions No significantly different dose distributions exists with the changes of the target volumes, even on the largest variations of external contours. The primary plan could ensure adequate doses to the changing target volumes. The replanning is unnecessary in terms of the change of target volumes during radiotherapy.

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics (PK) of pazopanib tablets and explore the genetic mechanism of individual differences in drug metabolism primarily. METHODS: Fourteen healthy male subjects were respectively administrated with a single dose pazopanib tablet (200 mg) orally on the day of dosing, and their blood samples were collected from baseline to 96 hours. The serum concentration of pazopanib was measured by LC-MS/MS, the parameters of PK were calculated by winnonlin 6.3 software, and the gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) was determined by snapshot method. RESULTS: The range of C