The effects of the temperature,materials and quantities of blood on results of PGM_1 phenotyping inbloodstains in a latin square were studied using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing.The detectabletime of the bloodstains kept at 0℃,4℃,18℃ and 30℃ were 6 months,2 months,1 months and3 weeks respectively.The quantity of blood staining also had an effect on the detectable time of PGM_1subtyping in bloodstains.However,there was not any significant difference of detectable time of PGM_1subtyping in bloodstains on different materials was observed.In addition,a method for permanent storageof zymogram was developed using polyester sheet.

Objective:To evaluate the sonographic characteristics of primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland and to analyze histo-pathologic findings and other imaging features to improve the diagnostic accuracy of this disease. Methods: We retrospectively re-viewed the records of 20 patients with histologically proven primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland. The clinical, pathologic, sono-graphic, CT, and MRI features were analyzed. Results:Histology revealed non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 20 patients. Ultrasound revealed lateral thyroid lobe disease in 12 cases and the presence of unilateral masses in 8 cases. The main features seen were diffusely enlarged thyroid gland. The lateral or unilateral thyroid lobe was with hypoechoic masses intermingled with echogenic structures. A total of 16 cases showed enlarged lymph nodes, 5 cases showed invasion of trachea, and 1 case involved the trachea and esophagus. Conclusion:Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland usually presents with clinical and sonographic findings mimicking a carcinoma or benign tu-mor. If clinical features revealed rapidly enlarging neck masses and sonographic characteristics represented by malignant features of Hashimoto thyroiditis, then we should consider lymphoma. However, the final diagnosis depends on histopathology.

An improved method for Ge phenotyping using sulfosalicylic acid staining after IEF is reported. Gc subtyping had been achieved and Gc variants were detected using this method without using anfi-Gc serum for immunofixation. Two new Gc variants Gc~(1c3) and Gc~(2c7) were discovered in Chinese people, and their frequencies were 0.0008 and 0.0004 respectively.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of wind and dampness pathogens on cytokines in the lung tissue of rats with cold syndrome due to different gradient cold pathogens. METHODS: One hundred and four Wistar rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into 13 groups: normal temperature group, six cold pathogen groups and six cold plus wind-dampness pathogen (wind of grade 5 and 90%-100% relative humidity) groups. The cold pathogens were constant low temperature (including 10 degrees C, 0 degree C, -10 degrees C) and temperature change (including 20 to 10 degrees C, 20 to 0 degrees C, and 20 to -10 degrees C). The rats in different groups were kept in a temperature-controlled box under the corresponding condition for 2 hours on the first day of experiment. Then, the rats were all raised in normal temperature for 4 days and the rats' behaviors were observed. The contents of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6(IL-6) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in lung homogenate were measured by radioimmunoassay and the content of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In comparison with cold pathogen groups, contents of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-4 were obviously increased in lung homogenate of rats in cold plus wind-dampness pathogen groups (P<0.01), and the content of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio were obviously decreased (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Wind-dampness pathogen can seriously aggravate the injury to lung tissue caused by cold pathogen, and the unbalance of Th(1)/Th(2) in lung homogenate of rats.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of a low-dose contrast medium protocol for 64-slice CT angiography (CTA) of head using a low-tube-voltage setting.Methods ① Phantom study:64-slice spiral CT respectively sets 80,100,120,140 kV and 100,200,300,400,500 and 600 mA as scanning parameter lines.Analysis of the best Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and contrast to noise ratios (CNR).②Clinical study:to prospectively continuous select sixty-six patients with suspected intracranial aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation and so on from April to October of 2012 to perform hand CTA inspection.The random number table method for A,B two groups,33 patients in each group.Group A (conventional group)scanning parameters:120 kV,400 mA and amount of contrast agent:1 ml/kg; Group B(test group) scanning parameters:80 kV,600 mA,amount of contrast agent 0.5 ml/kg.Using independent samples t test for each group radiation dose,SNR,CNR were statistically analyzed.By two experienced radiologists to 5 points on two groups of image quality subjective evaluation.Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis of subjective evaluation.Results Group A and B group CTDIvol respectively is 59.1,27.5 mGy.Group B than in group A,CTDIvol decreased by 53.5％.A,B groups of the SNR,CNR were 71.5 ± 10.7,92.0 ± 7.4; 58.5 ± 10.5,79.6 ± 7.7,Group B than in group A SNR,CNR were enhanced by 22.3％,26.4％,differences were statistics significance (t =584.0,388.6,P ＜ 0.01).The subjective image evaluation of group B was bigher than group A (Z =31.2,23.4,P ＜ 0.05),differences were statistics significance.Two physicians on CTA images to assess the consistency of uniform height(Kappa =0.904,P ＜0.05).Conclusion In the head CTA examination,use of low tube voltage combined with low contrast dose not only can improve the image quality but also radiation dose were significantly lower.

Objective To investigate the radiation dose differences of DTS,DR and CT in diagnostic imaging of the skeletal system and analyze the sensitivity and specificity of each modality in skeletal disease diagnosis.Methods 100 relevant patients with skeletal diseases were randomly selected,who were performed with DR,DTS and CT from Feb 2010 to Mar 2012.They were divided into three groups,respectively as the DR group,the DTS group and the CT group.The complete information including DR,DTS,CT data and the final clinical diagnosis were collected and the statistical analysis after comparing radiation dose of DR,DTS and CT examination.Two experienced experts evaluated the image of three examinations and made judgments.ROC curves of reader A and B were made by using the final clinical diagnosis as gold standard.Results The average absorbed dose and effective dose of DR,DTS,CT group were [(1.9±1.8)mGy,(0.03±0.03) mSv)],[(3.5±1.5)mGy,(0.05±0.02) mSv)],[(397.7 ± 106.0) mGy· cm、(5.60 ± 1.50) mSy] respectively.The difference among the three groups was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test(F =1377,P ＜ 0.05) and had statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).ROC curve was drawn through analyzing lesion detection credibility of three groups.The Az values of reader A and B was (0.870 ± 0.035,0.966 ± 0.018,0.974 ± 0.015) and (0.852 ± 0.038,0.951 ± 0.021,0.959 ±0.019)respectively.Do the Z-test to these examinations' area under ROC curve of lesion detection credibility.Between DR and DTS or DR and CT,there was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).While for CT and DTS,there was not statistically significant.The two readers' sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing skeletal lesion with DR,DTS and CT were investigated using the x2 test:CT and DTS were no statistical significance,CT and DR were statistically significant (x2 =4.833,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Radiation dose of DTS only accounts for about 1％ of CT examination.While its sensitivity and specificity can meet the requirements for clinical diagnosis as CT.If the DR diagnosis is unclear or suspected,DTS should be the first recommended modality used for skeletal diagnosis with lower radiation dose.

A retrospective study of endocrine dysfunction in 65 patients with Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) was conducted. Before surgical operation, most patients with RCC had various degrees of pituitary dysfunction.Impaired gonadotropin secretion and prolactinemia were the prevalent abnormalities. Erectile dysfunction or diminished libido in male and menstrual disorder or galactorrhea in female were frequently seen. The panhypopituitarism appeared in a few patients with RCC. The patients would benefit by surgical removal, however,attention should be paid to avoid new damage of the pituitary gland during operation.

Objective To evaluate the differences in image quality and radiation dose in the neck CTA between low tube voltage scanning method combined with exact calculation of contrast dosage and conventional scanning methods.Methods Ninety patients who had undergone neck CTA examination from October 2012 to June 2013 were prospectively selected to perform study.Patients were randomly divided into Group A,B and C,each with 30 cases.Tube voltage and contrast amount were,respectively,120 kV and 70-80 ml for Group A (conventional group),100 kV and exact calculation for Group B,80 kV and exact calculation for Group C.Using ANOVA test,radiation dose,contrast amount,CNR were statistically analyzed among three groups.Subjective evaluations were made of image quality by two experienced radiologists based on a 5-point system.Results The effective doses in Group B and C were (4.5 ± 0.7) mSv and (2.1 ± 0.4) mSv,respectively,significantly lower than (6.6 ± 0.9) mSv in Group A,with statistically significant difference(F =72.4,P ＜ 0.05).The amounts of contrast were significantly lower in Group B and C than that in Group A,which respectively were (73.2 ± 8.2) ml for Group A and (48.2 ± 5.1) for Group B and (48.6 ± 5.4) ml for Group C,with statistically significant difference (F =56.8,P ＜ 0.05).CNRs increased respectively by 42.2％ in Group B and by 42.2％ in Group C compared with Group A,with statistically significant difference (F =72.6,P ＜ 0.05).Venous artifact images were found in 10 patients of Group A,having different effects on image quality,whereas in Group B and C,there were not vein artifacts to found.Conclusions The low tube voltage (80 kV) scanning method combined with exact calculation of contrast features not only significantly lower radiation dose and lower contrast amount used,but also improved image quality in comparison with conventional method.

Purpose To implement lower artery angiography in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and to investigate the feasibility of lower extremity gemstone spectral CT angiography in improving image quality.Materials and Methods Forty-eight patients suspected with lower extremity arterial occlusive diseases were randomly divided into research group and control group. Research group (24 cases) were carried out gemstone spectral CT angiography (CTA) scan and control group (24 cases) were scanned with multi-slice spiral CT (CTA). The CT value of the common iliac artery, popliteal artery and its branches was measured and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were calculated in both groups. The images were evaluated independently by 2 senior physicians based on a 5-level evaluation standard.Results The CT value of common iliac artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery and the CNR in research group were all higher than those in control group (t=8.7, 7.9, 12.6 and 17.2,P<0.01), but the background noise was lower than that in control group (t=1.5,P<0.01). The scores of two image quality accessed by physician 1 and 2 were 110:90 and 111:93 respectively with statistical difference (Z=-7.6 and-8.0, P<0.01).Conclusion The image obtained by gemstone spectral CT optimal single energy image technique is much better than that by conventional multi-slice spiral CT in lower extremity angiography.

Objective:To have an experimental investigation on teaching reform of Orthopedics of TCM based on network resources.Method:Two comparison groups were set and observed when we were teaching the orthopedics students of 2003 grade.One was taught by traditional problem-based learning(PBL) method,the other was taught by PBL method based on network resources.Results:The creative thought and research ability of the students who had been taught by PBL method based on network resources were greatly improved.Conclusion:The teaching method based on network resources has so many advantages such as students being able to self-learn and research without time and space limit that it can be used more in medical students teaching.