A total of 100 neurons were recorded from the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), of which 59 were identified as noxious-exaitation neurons; 30 as noxioes-inhibition neurons; 5 as non-noxious neurons; and 6 as non-responsive neurons Seventy neurons were further tested with electro-acupuncture (EA). 69.77% of the noxious-excitation neurons were excited and 68.42% of the noxious -inhibition neurons inhibited by EA. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) could activate the majority of the EA-response neurons. Systemic morphine could also affect the EA-response neurons through the following three patterns: excitation, inhibition and no-effect. No signilicant correlation between the response patterns of EA and morphine was found. The results indicate that the effect of NRM in EA and morphine analgesia is only partially overlapped.

Objective To observe and compare the analgesic effects of electro-acupuncture(EA)of “Tsusanli point” (St. 36) with various stimulation parameters. Methods Single wide dynamic range (WDR) and nociceptive specific (NS) neurons were recorded extracellularly in the dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. The late train discharges (C-response) of the neurons evoked by intense electrical stimulation of the skin were used as a nocicepive response. The inhibitory effects of EA stimulation of the “Tsusanli point” (St. 36) with various intensities (1 and 6 mA) and frequencies (5, 20, 50 and 100 Hz) on the C-response were observed, respectively. Results A lower frequency (5 Hz) was appropriate to the high-intensity EA, while a higher frequency (50 Hz) was proper for the low-intensity EA. Conclusion The effect of EA on the spinal nociceptive transmission is both intensity- and frequency-dependent.

Standard electrical quantity (a), chronaxie (?), rheobase (Rh), "b" in Weiss' formula and intensity threshold of duration being 40 ?s and 300 ?s (T_(?) and T_(200)) were measured on peroneus nerves in rabbits. The results show that "a" is an actual index for measuring the excitability of various groups of fibers. The larger fibers, the higher excitability and the smaller "a" values. "b" does not indicate excitability. "?" , "Rh" , "T_(40)" and "T_(200)" are not actual indexes for measuring excitability because they are influenced by "b" in Weiss' formula.

Objective To investigate whether the μ- and δ-opioid receptors were involved in mediating the a ntinociceptive effect of opioid injection into the nucleus submedius (Sm). Methods Nociceptive behavior produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin (65 mmol/L, 50 μL) into the hind paw of the rat was assessed quantitatively using an automated movement detection system. The effects of morphine and selectiveμ- and δ-opioid receptor antagonists microinjected unilaterally into the Sm were determined in the awake rats. Results Morphine (31 mmol/L, 0. 5 μL) depressed the nociceptive behavior elicited by formalin, and this effect was antagonized completely by the selective μ-receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA, 0. 4 mmol/L, 0. 5 μL) and naloxonazine (0.8 mmol/L, 0.5 μL), and partly by the δ-receptor antagonist naltrindole (0.4 mmol/L, 0.5μL).Administration of morphine into thalamic regions more than 0. 5 mm dorsal to the Sm had no effect on the nociceptive behavior. Conclusion Antinociceptive effects produced by opioid acting on Sm neurons are mediated mainly by μ-opioid receptors, and partly by δ-receptors.

Compressed sensing (CS) is a novel theoretical framework for information acquisition and processing. Taking advantages of the sparsity or compressibility of the signals inherent in the real world, compressed sensing can collect compressed data at the sampling rate much lower than that needed in Shannon's theorem based on random measurement matrix. This technique is used in medical imaging to accelerate MRI's scanning speed, reduce radiation dosage and alleviate patients' suffering. The whole process of the proposed algorithm was as follows: firstly, the wavelet transform was applied to achieve sparse representation of medical images and reserve certain parts with maximal coefficients; secondly, the reconstruction based on CS theory were achieved according to the improved optimized orthogonal matching pursuit (OOMP) algorithm;finally, maximum intensity projection algorithm was used to achieve three-dimensional volume reconstruction. The experimental results demonstrated that our proposed two-dimensional reconstruction method was accurate and effective, which was verified qualitatively by the local detail magnification of images and quantitatively by peak signal-to-noise ratio and sectional comparison. Therefore, the three-dimensional reconstruction can be rather helpful in clinic diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To examine whether microinjectlon of morphine into the rat thaiamle nucleus submedlus (Sin) could depress the bee venom (BV)-induced nociceptive behaviours. Methods In inflammatory pain model induced by BV subcutaneous injection into rat unilateral hind paw, the inhibitory effects of morphine microinjection into thalamic nucleus suhmedius (Sin) on the spontaneous nociecptlve behavior, heat hyperalgesia and tactile ailodynia, and the influence of naioxone on the morphine effects were observed in the rat. Results A single dose of morphine (5.0 μg, 0. 5μL) applied into the Sm ipsilaterni to the BV injected paw significantly depressed the spontaneous paw flinching response. Morphine also significantly increased the heat paw withdrawal iateneies in the bilateral hind paw and the tactile paw withdrawal threshold in the ipsilnteral hind paw 2 hours after BV injection. All these depressive effects could be effectively antagonized by pre-treatment with the opiuld receptor antagonist naloxone (1.0μg, 0. 5μL) in the Sm 5rain prior to morphine administration. Naloxone alone injected to the Sm had no effect on the BV-induecd nociceptive behavior. Conclusion These results suggest that Sm is involved in opioid receptor-mediated antt-nociception in the rat with the BV-induced inflammatory pain. Together with results from previous studies, it is likely that this effect is produced by activation of the Sm-ventrolateral orbital cortex-periaqueductal gray pathway, leading to activation of the brainstem descending inhibitory system and depression of the nodceptive inputs at the spinal cord level.

Objective To evaluate musical therapy combined with sufentanil postoperative intravenous analgesia on hemodynamic changes in patient accepted lung cancer operation.Methods Sixty lung cancer surgery patients (ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade) were selected and divided randomly into musical therapy (group M; n =30) and control (group C; n =30).In group M,patients accepted music relaxation training for fifteen minutes before surgery,and music intervention for one hour at 3,7,15,19 hour after surgery.Whereas,in Group C,patients did not listen to any music during the same period.In the intensive care unit,patients were connected to a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) device.The PCA device (sufentanil 2 μg/kg,100 ml saline) was set to deliver a bolus of 2 ml,with a lockout interval of 10 min and background infusion volume of 0.5 ml/h.Hemodynamic changes,the visual analog scale (VAS) and consumption of sufentanil were recorded at the 4th,8th,12th,16th,20th and 24th hour after operation.Results SBP,DBP,HR and VAS of group M were significantly decreased compared to the group C,respectively (P ＜0.05),and significant difference was found in the PCA delivery frequency [group C (30.96 ± 4.00),group M (19.06 ± 3.49),t =12.39,P ＜ 0.01] and postoperative sufentanil consumption[group C (82.65±6.19)μg,group M (52.68 ±7.07)μg,t =20.00,P ＜0.01].Conclusions Musical therapy combined with sufentanil postoperative intravenous analgesia was able to produce better analgesic effect in the treatment of patient accepted lung cancer operation,which decreased postoperative sufentanil consumption and effectively reduced SBP,DBP and HR,and relieved the patient's anxiety.

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of organs is a major challenge for clinicians, but the mechanism is still not elucidated, and the clinical treatment effect is still unsatisfactory. PARP-1-dependent cell death (parthanatos) is a non-apototic programmed cell death pathway involved in the development of the occurrence of IRI of organs. At the same time, parthanatos is also a multi-step pathway. There are many molecules in the parthanatos cascade that can be exploited to create therapeutic interventions for IRI, including PARP1, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). These critical molecules are involved in DNA damage, energy depletion and homeostasis imbalance. Therefore, these molecular signals in the parthanatos cascade represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of IRI. In the following, we will elaborate on the mechanisms and molecular characteristics of the parthanatos pathway and the relation between parthanatos pathway and IRI of vital organs. It aims to explore the posibility of IRI mechanism research and clinical treatment and to provide new ideas for clinicians and researchers.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical manifestations, laboratory data, therapy, and prognosis in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

METHODSA retrospective study was carried out in 192 adult patients with HLH between 2003 and 2013.

RESULTSOf the 192 cases, 70 cases were secondary to cancer and 64 cases secondary to infection. According to HLH-2004 criteria, the coincidence rate of indices were: fever (98.96%), high level of serum ferritin (94.27%), increased level of soluble interleukin- 2 receptor(sCD25) (94.79%), decreased or absent activity of NK cells (94.27%), cytopenias (80.73%), splenomegaly (80.21%), emophagocytosis in bone marrow, spleen or lymph nodes (74.48%), hypofibrinogenemia (50.52%), hypertriglyceridemia (37.50%). In addition, 94.27% of patients were presented with liver dysfunction, 96.35% with infections, and 75.52% with coagulopathy. Incidences of central nervous system symptoms and rash were 19.27% and 20.31%, respectively. Among cancer, infection and rheumatic group, there were statistically differences on white blood cells (WBC), platelet (PLT), sCD25, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and globulin(GLO) (P<0.05). The differences of WBC, PLT, albumin (ALB), GLO, brain natriuretic peptide, creatinine, urea nitrogen between survival group and death group had statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONThe secondary HLH occurs from various underlined diseases. Cancer, especially T- cell lymphoma, is the main cause, Secondly, it is EB virus infection. The diagnostic sensitive indicators are Persistent fever, higher level of serum ferritin, low or absent NK-cell activity, and increased sCD25 were the most valuable parameters for diagnosis. Cytopenias were not common in early phase of HLH secondary to rheumatic diseases. WBC, PLT, ALB, GLO could be used as the preliminary parameters for diagnosis. Cardiac insufficiency, renal insufficiency and coagulation dysfunction play important roles in prognosis.