Objective To determine the spectrum of conjunctival flora and the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of patients scheduled for penetrating intraocular surgeries.Methods A prospective case control study was performed.A total of 192 patients (192 eyes) scheduled for penetrating intraocular surgeries at the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang from February to August 2015 were enrolled.Samples from the conjunctival sac were collected before instillation of any ophthalmic solutions for both aerobic and anaerobic culture.The positive rate and bacterial spectrum were observed.Bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to 7 commonly used ophthalmic antibiotics using automated drug resistance analyzing system.The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang.Results Totally 91 strains were collected from 81 conjunctival samples during aerobic culture,the positive rate was 42.19％.Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common microorganism (64.84％),followed by Staphylococcus lentus (7.69％) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.30％).Coagulatase negtive Staphylococcus (CNS) accounted for 80.22％ of the positively cultured aerobes.For anaerobic culture,a total of 28 strains were isolated from 28 conjunctival samples,the positive rate was 14.58％ Propionibacterium acnes was the predominant species (71.43％),followed by Finegoldia magna (10.71％).Majority of the CNS were sensitive to gentamycin and vancomycin,with resistance rates lower than 10％,but their resistance rate to erythromycin and ceftazidime was 87.67％ and 63.01％,respectively.Resistance rate of these CNS to levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and moxifloxacin was 42.47％,39.73％ and 17.81％,respectively.Multidrug resistance to at least 3 antibiotic classes was present in 38.36％ of the CNS.Conclusions Bacteria in the conjunctiva sac of preoperative patients are resistant to various ophthalmic antibiotics.To follow-up the bacterial distribution and antibiotic resistance is great meaningful in the prophylactic and treatment in ocular surgery-related infections.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To study the improvement effect of Periplaneta americana extract Ento-A on damp-heat ulcerative colitis（UC）model rats. METHODS：Totally 70 rats were randomly divided into normal control group（n＝8）and modeling group （n＝62）. The damp-heat UC model was induced in modeling group by high sugar，high fat，spicy diet combined with 2，4， 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema. 48 modelrats were randomly divided into model control group，mesalazine group （300 mg/kg），Changyanning group（300 mg/kg）and Ento-A low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose（50，100，200 mg/kg，calculated by the extract），with 8 rats in each group. Normal control group and model control group were given normal saline intrsgastrically，and other groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically，once a day，for consecutive 14 days. After last administration， disease activity index （DAI）， colonic mucosal injury index （CMDI） and histopathological score （HS）of rats were determined. The spleen index，liver index and colon index in rats were determined. The serum levels of IL-8，IL-17，SOD and MDA，colonic levels of IL-2，PGE2 and MPO were detected by ELISA. RESULTS：Compared with normal control group，the DAI score，CMDI score，HS score，colonic index，the serum levels of IL-8，IL-17 and MDA， colonic levels of MPO and PGE2 were increased significantly（P＜0.01）；serum level of SOD and colonic level of IL-2 were decreased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model control group，DAI score，CMDI score，serum levels of IL-17 and MDA，colonic levels of PGE2 were decreased significantly in Ento-A high-dose groups（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），while serum level of SOD and colonic level of IL-2 were increased significantly（P＜0.01）. CMDI score and HS score，serum levels of IL-8，IL-17 and MDA，colonic levels of PGE2 and MPO were decreased significantly in Ento-A medium-dose group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， while colonic level of IL-2 was increased significantly（P＜0.01）. HS score，serum levels of IL-17 and MDA，colonic levels of MPO and PGE2 were decreased significantly in Ento-A low-dose group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），while serum level of IL-2 was increased significantly（P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS：P. americana extract Ento-A may play improvement effect on damp-heat UC rats by regulating immune system balance and reducing inflammatory damage.