The research and application of astrocytes have developed into a frontier of neuroscience in recent years.This review describes the shapes,regulation mechanism and function of astrocytes,and their relation to neurological diseases.Astrocytes play an important role in growth and reparation of the nervous system.

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD).Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory( LTM) is related to long- term potentiation( LTP) and long- term depression(LTD).They influence each other.The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex.Therefore,it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

This review describes the application of stem cells.Stem cells have proliferating and (multipotential) differentiation properties.Stem cells play an important role in the repair tissue and organs.

AIM: To observe the effects of IBMX on cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS: Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent staining methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slice were used. RESULTS: Recirculation following ischemia caused a rise in hippocampus cGMP concentration. IBMX increased cGMP production. cGMP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecular layer in the CA_1 subfield. CONCLUSION: IBMX increased cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia.

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer' s disease (AD). Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory(LTM) is related to long- term potentiation(LTP) and long- term depression (LTD). They intluenee each other. The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex. Therefore, it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

Neuralstemcells (NSCs)maintainthepotentialofproliferationanddifferentiationin nervesystem .TheresearchandapplicationofNSCshavedevelopedintoafrontierofneuroscienceinrecent years .Thisreviewdescribesthespecificity ,contribution ,regulationmechanismandapplicationofNSCs . Neuralstemcellsplayanimportantroleinthenervoussystemofgrowthandreparation . [

Glioma is the most frequent type of intracranial tumors,which is always associated with epilepsy.The type,location and pathological grade of glioma is closely related to incidence and efficacy of epilepsy.Recent re search shows that glioma and the factors around it may effect on the balance between excitation and inhibition system of brain.The detailed pathogenesis of epilepsy remains to be studied.

[Objective]To study cervical hollow threaded autograft cortical bone fixator with morselized bone for cervical anterior interbody fusion.[Method] Eighteen sheep were underwent cervical anterior discectomy and fusion with a hollow threaded and fenestrated tibial cortical hone fixator filled with morselized bone(diameter of 300～500 um) for C5、6 or autogenous iliac crest bone cylinder or C3、4 respectively.Cervical spines were radiographed immediately after surgery and 1,2,3 months later,the specimens of C5～6 and C3～4 were taken for histology investigation and biomechanical test respectively.[Result] Interbody fusion was achieved 3 months after surgery in experimental gronp and all but one in control group,with statisticdly significant difference was found between two groups in biomechanical compression and torsion tests of ante or post-fatigue test(P

AIM:To observe the relation between astroglial activation state and ischemic tolerance in the gerbil hippocampus. METHOD: Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent methods in the gerbil hippocampal tissue. Slices were used. The morphological changes of the neurons were observed by light microscopy.RESULTS:Pretreatment with 2 minute bilateral carotid artery occlusion produced protective effects of CA 1 neurons. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining showed weak positive cells in control group. Most of GFAP positive cells showed weak and middle positive cells after recirculation 1d and 2d following ischemic 3.5 min and preconditioning of the brain with sublethal ischemia respectively.CONCLUSION:Astroglial played an important role in cerebral ischemia. It is possible that state of astroglial activation related to neuronal survival in ischemic tolerance.

The purpose of the present work is to observe cGMP positive cells after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in the gerbil hip-pocampus. Immunofluorescent methods were used in gerbil hippocampal tissue slices. The results showed that after cerebral is-chemia cGMP synthesis in the CAi-a subfields was increased, cGMP positive cells were distributed mainly in CA1 subfield. Mostof cGMP positive cells were astrocytes. The number of small round cGMP positive cells were increased after recirculation follow-ing ischemia in the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that after cerebral ischemia cGMP synthesis was increased in the CA1-asubfield, It is possible that astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of metabolism in the early stage after ischemia-reperfusion.