The research and application of astrocytes have developed into a frontier of neuroscience in recent years.This review describes the shapes,regulation mechanism and function of astrocytes,and their relation to neurological diseases.Astrocytes play an important role in growth and reparation of the nervous system.

Neuralstemcells (NSCs)maintainthepotentialofproliferationanddifferentiationin nervesystem .TheresearchandapplicationofNSCshavedevelopedintoafrontierofneuroscienceinrecent years .Thisreviewdescribesthespecificity ,contribution ,regulationmechanismandapplicationofNSCs . Neuralstemcellsplayanimportantroleinthenervoussystemofgrowthandreparation . [

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD).Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory( LTM) is related to long- term potentiation( LTP) and long- term depression(LTD).They influence each other.The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex.Therefore,it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

This review describes the application of stem cells.Stem cells have proliferating and (multipotential) differentiation properties.Stem cells play an important role in the repair tissue and organs.

AIM: To observe the effects of IBMX on cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS: Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent staining methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slice were used. RESULTS: Recirculation following ischemia caused a rise in hippocampus cGMP concentration. IBMX increased cGMP production. cGMP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecular layer in the CA_1 subfield. CONCLUSION: IBMX increased cGMP production in gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia.

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer' s disease (AD). Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory(LTM) is related to long- term potentiation(LTP) and long- term depression (LTD). They intluenee each other. The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex. Therefore, it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

Glioma is the most frequent type of intracranial tumors,which is always associated with epilepsy.The type,location and pathological grade of glioma is closely related to incidence and efficacy of epilepsy.Recent re search shows that glioma and the factors around it may effect on the balance between excitation and inhibition system of brain.The detailed pathogenesis of epilepsy remains to be studied.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,etiology and related clinical factors in neonatal anemia.Methods Two hundreds and sixty four infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January 2009 to March 2012 were retrospectively analysed with different levels,different age,different gestational age.Results Among 264 patients,the occupancy of blood loss anemia was 54.5 ％.Mild and medium neonatal anemia were more than severe anemia (172 vs 92).Fetomaternal hemorrhage syndrome occurred commonly in severe anemia (16.3％,15/92).Early anemia was more than late anemia(182 vs 82).Hemorrhagic anemia in early anemia (64.3％,117/82)occurred mainly.Late anemia with infection mainly (67.1％,55/82).Fetomaternal hemorrhage syndrome were all early anemia and term to account for a higher proportion (94.4％,17/18);twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome occurred commonly among preterm term infants (96.7％,29/30).Conclusion Blood loss anemia was the main etiological factor resulting in neonatal anemia.The incidence of mild and medium neonatal anemia was quite high.Early anemia was more than late anemia.There might be some differences in the etiology between term and perterm infants.

AIM To observe the effects of L NNA on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) production in the gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS Both vessels occlusion and immunofluorescent methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slices incubated in vitro were used. RESULTS Recirculation following ischemia led to a rise on GFAP concentration in the hippocampus. GFAP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecullar layer in the hippocampus, L NNA decreased GFAP synthesis. CONCLUSION L NNA is a strong inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase(NOS). It is possible that the role of endogenous NO mediated GFAP synthesis is inhibited by L NNA.

AIM:To observe the relation between astroglial activation state and ischemic tolerance in the gerbil hippocampus. METHOD: Bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries and immunofluorescent methods in the gerbil hippocampal tissue. Slices were used. The morphological changes of the neurons were observed by light microscopy.RESULTS:Pretreatment with 2 minute bilateral carotid artery occlusion produced protective effects of CA 1 neurons. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining showed weak positive cells in control group. Most of GFAP positive cells showed weak and middle positive cells after recirculation 1d and 2d following ischemic 3.5 min and preconditioning of the brain with sublethal ischemia respectively.CONCLUSION:Astroglial played an important role in cerebral ischemia. It is possible that state of astroglial activation related to neuronal survival in ischemic tolerance.