The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer' s disease (AD). Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory(LTM) is related to long- term potentiation(LTP) and long- term depression (LTD). They intluenee each other. The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex. Therefore, it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

The impairment of learning and memory function in the central nervous system(CNS)is one of the main features of aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD).Many experimental results have showed that long- term memory( LTM) is related to long- term potentiation( LTP) and long- term depression(LTD).They influence each other.The relationship between LTP and LTD is complex.Therefore,it is important to study the learning and memory mechanism from LTP、LTD and gene expression in the CNS.

The purpose of the present work is to observe cGMP positive cells after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in the gerbil hip-pocampus. Immunofluorescent methods were used in gerbil hippocampal tissue slices. The results showed that after cerebral is-chemia cGMP synthesis in the CAi-a subfields was increased, cGMP positive cells were distributed mainly in CA1 subfield. Mostof cGMP positive cells were astrocytes. The number of small round cGMP positive cells were increased after recirculation follow-ing ischemia in the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that after cerebral ischemia cGMP synthesis was increased in the CA1-asubfield, It is possible that astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of metabolism in the early stage after ischemia-reperfusion.

[Objective]To study cervical hollow threaded autograft cortical bone fixator with morselized bone for cervical anterior interbody fusion.[Method] Eighteen sheep were underwent cervical anterior discectomy and fusion with a hollow threaded and fenestrated tibial cortical hone fixator filled with morselized bone(diameter of 300～500 um) for C5、6 or autogenous iliac crest bone cylinder or C3、4 respectively.Cervical spines were radiographed immediately after surgery and 1,2,3 months later,the specimens of C5～6 and C3～4 were taken for histology investigation and biomechanical test respectively.[Result] Interbody fusion was achieved 3 months after surgery in experimental gronp and all but one in control group,with statisticdly significant difference was found between two groups in biomechanical compression and torsion tests of ante or post-fatigue test(P

AIM To observe the effects of L NNA on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) production in the gerbil hippocampus after recirculation following ischemia. METHODS Both vessels occlusion and immunofluorescent methods in gerbil hippocampal tissue slices incubated in vitro were used. RESULTS Recirculation following ischemia led to a rise on GFAP concentration in the hippocampus. GFAP positive cells mainly distributed in rediatum layer and molecullar layer in the hippocampus, L NNA decreased GFAP synthesis. CONCLUSION L NNA is a strong inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase(NOS). It is possible that the role of endogenous NO mediated GFAP synthesis is inhibited by L NNA.

This study was aimed to choose the best fixing method of electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement in mice by comparison of ECG index in three different fixing ways. Changes of ST amplitude and heart rate in ECG were measured in the self-made mouse sets, tape bundling or breathing anesthesia state. The amplitudes of the ST seg-ment in C57BL6 mice and β1/β2-AR double knockout mice were elevated in tape bundling or breathing anesthesia state in comparison with that in the self-made mouse sets (all P < 0.01). The heart rate under the tape bundling state in C57BL6 mice was significantly faster than that in the self-made mouse sets (P< 0.05 or P< 0.01). And the heart rate under anesthesia in β1/β2-AR double knockout mice was significantly slower than that in tape bundling state or the self-made mouse sets (both P < 0.01). It was concluded that relative to the binding and anesthesia method, fixing mouse in the self-made mouse sets, which can more truly reflect the physiological or pathological states, is a relatively good fixing method of ECG measurement in experimental study.

OJBECTIVE:To study the bioequivalence of metformin hydrochloride tablets.METHODS:A single oral dose of1000mg metformin tablet was given to20healthy male volunteers in an open randomized cross-over test.The plasma levels of metformin were determined by HPLC with ultraviolet detection.RESULTS:The pharmacokinetic parameters of tested and metformin tablets were as follows,C max was(2.59?0.62)?g/ml and(2.60?0.62)?g/ml,T max was(2.0?0.5)h and(1.9? 0.5)h,T 1/2ke was(3.01?0.54)h and(2.90?0.50)h,AUC 0～12 was(13.21?3.28)(?g?h)/ml and(12.99?2.98)(?g?h)/ml,AUC 0～∞ was(14.29?3.44)(?g?h)/ml and(13.91?3.23)(?g?h)/ml,respectively.The relative bioavailability of metformin tablet was(101.6?7.9)%.CONCLUSION:This study shows that the two kinds of preparations are bioequiva?lent.

In order to improve the quality of standardized training in department of orthopedics, it is necessary to ensure and strengthen the discipline management of standardized training. According to management experience of the standardized trainees in the department of orthopedics in the past years, this paper analyzes present situation of standardized training in orthopedics department, including the composi-tion and characteristics of the students and the structure of existing management staff and discusses the management measures, such as the establishment of electronic supervision system and the establishment of a new management structure. By doing so, we hope to achieve the institutionalization and normalization of the discipline management of standardized training and provide valuable experience in discipline manage-ment for other bases.

OBJECTIVETo increase local blood supply of bone graft, a novel posterior lumbar spine fusion method with orthotopic paraspinal muscle-pediculated bone flaps was constructed, and the fusion rate and clinical effect.were observed.

METHODSFrom June 2007 to December 2010, 117 patients of lumbar spinal stenosis or lumbar destabilization treated with the novel posterior lumbar fusion method were studied, 49 males and 68 females, aged from 40 to 77 years, average 61.5 years. Clinical effect was evaluated by JOA and VAS score preoperatively and postoperatively, and the fusion result was evaluated by three-dimensional CT reconstruction postoperatively.

RESULTSSeventeen cases lost of follow up, the rest were followed up from 7 to 38 months, average 19 months. There was significant difference between pre- and postoperative JOA and VAS score (P < 0.01), the preoperative JOA score was 10.3 ± 1.9, and 25.4 ± 4.2 at the latest follow-up, the improvement rate was 81.0% ; the preoperative VAS score was 8.5 ± 0.8, and 2.3 ± 0.4 at the latest follow-up. The three-dimensional CT reconstruction showed that 126 of the 133 segments formed solid fusion in 100 patients who completed the follow-up, the fusion rate was 94.7%.

CONCLUSIONThe novel posterior lumbar fusion method make the bone graft position more precise, stable and increases the fusion rate, which can effectively reduce pseudarthrosis and have a promising clinical effect.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Transplantation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fusion ; methods ; Spinal Stenosis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: Intensive phototherapy (IPT) and exchange transfusion (ET) are the main treatments for extreme hyperbilirubinemia. However, there is no reliable evidence on determining the thresholds for these treatments. This multicenter study compared the effectiveness and complications of IPT and ET in the treatment of extreme hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in seven centers from January 2015 to January 2018. Patients with extreme hyperbilirubinemia that met the criteria of ET were included. Patients were divided into three subgroups (low-, medium-, and high- risk) according to gestational week and risk factors. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the data before treatment. Study outcomes included the development of bilirubin encephalopathy, duration of hospitalization, expenses, and complications. Mortality, auditory complications, seizures, enamel dysplasia, ocular motility disorders, athetosis, motor, and language development were evaluated during follow-up at age of 3 years. RESULTS: A total of 1164 patients were included in this study. After PSM, 296 patients in the IPT only group and 296 patients in the IPT plus ET group were further divided into the low-, medium-, and high-risk subgroups with 188, 364, and 40 matched patients, respectively. No significant differences were found between the IPT only and IPT plus ET groups in terms of morbidity, complications, and sequelae. Hospitalization duration and expenses were lower in the low- and medium-risk subgroups in the IPT only group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, our results suggest that IPT is a safe and effective treatment for extreme hyperbilirubinemia. The indication of ET for patients with hyperbilirubinemia could be stricter. However, it is necessary to have a contingency plan for emergency ET as soon as IPT is commenced especially for infants with risk factors. If IPT can be guaranteed and proved to be therapeutic, ET should be avoided as much as possible.
Child, Preschool ; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/therapy* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Kernicterus/therapy* ; Phototherapy/methods* ; Retrospective Studies