Objective To observe the expressions of Th1 cytokin [interleukin (IL)-12] and Th2 cytokin (IL-4) in gut of the mouse model of postinfcctious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). Methods Thirty mice were divided into control group (n=8) and model group (n=22,infected with Trichinella spiralis). The weight of the mouse was measured weekly after infection. Visceral sensitivity of colorectal distention in mouse was accessed by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) at 0 and 8 weeks after infection. All mice were sacrificed at the 8th week, and tissues of jejunum, terminal ileum, proximal colon and distal colon were observed for inflammation with HE staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-12 and IL-4 were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results Two weeks after infection, body weight was decreased in model group compared with control group ( -1.08%±1.08 % vs 3.09%±1.85%, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at the 8th week between two groups (P>0.05). Severe inflammation was observed in the gut of mouse 2 weeks after infection, however it was recovered at the 8th week. The score of AWR was higher in model group at 30,45 and 60 mmHg in comparison with control group (P<0.05), whereas the perceptual threshold was lower in model group than in the control group (P<0.05). In comparison with control group, increased expressions of IL-12 mRNA and protein in ileocecum and proximal colon as well as decreased expressions of IL-4 mRNA and protein in all parts of gut were found in model group (P<0.05). Conclusion Th1/Th2 shift may involve in gut of PI-IBS mouse, which provides a new idea for treatment of PI-IBS.

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Rome Ⅲ criteria in diagnosis of functional dyspepsia (FD) and assess its value in differentiate FD from other organic diseases in upper gastrointestinal tract. Methods Four thousand nine hundred and sixty-two patients, who underwent gastroscopy from July to August 2006 and March to April 2007, were consecutively enrolled and interviewed face to face with a standard questionnaire. The patients who were diagnosed as FD were according to Rome Ⅲ criteria, and those who were diagnosed as upper gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic erosive gastritis (CEG), gastric ulcer (GU), duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric carcinoma (GC), were done by gastroscopy and pathology. The differences of clinical characteristics among these diseases were analyzed. Results The FD patients accounted for 7.58% (376/4962) with female in predominant (P = 0.000). The patient with CEG, GU, DU or GC accounted for 29.99% (1488/4962), 1.89% (94/4962),4.25% (211/4962) or 4.57% (227/4962), respectively, all with male in predominant (P<0.05). Further analysis indicated that the age of onset between patients with FD and DU was no difference, but was younger than those with other three diseases (P<0.05). The incidence of early satiation and postprandial in FD patients were higher than those in other patients (P<0.05). The incidence of belching, nausea and vomiting showed no difference among these patients(P>0.05). According to Rome Ⅲ criteria, the symptoms of epigastric pain, early satiation, postprandial fullness and epigastric burning had higher sensitivity and specificity (except epigastric burning)in diagnosing FD (P<0.05), with highest Youden index in epigastric pain (0.42) and postprandial fullness (0.46). Conclusion Rome Ⅲ criteria has high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosing FD, and also has an important value in differentiate FD from other organic diseases.

Objective To investigate the effects of propofol anesthesia on cognitive function of aged rats. Methods Ninety-six male aged SD rats (16 months) were collected and given propofol anesthesia via tail vein catheter. At 7, 30, and 90 d after anesthesia, fear conditioning experiment was performed to test long-term memory of the aged rats (12 rats at each time point, total 36 rats). At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d after anesthesia, spontaneous alternation in Y-maze experiment was performed to test spatial working memory of the aged rats (12 rats at each time point, total 60 rats). Results There were no statistical differences in long-term memory at 7, 30, and 90 d after anesthesia between the propofol group and control group (P>0.05). While spatial working memory of aged rats in propofol group was impaired at 1 and 2 d after anesthesia (P<0.05), working memory of aged rats in propofol group was normal at 3, 4, and 5 d after anesthesia and there were no statistical differences between the experiment and control group (P>0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that clinical dose propofol anesthesia will not induce long-term memory impairment of aged rats, although it impairs spatial working memory of aged rats within 48 h after anesthesia.

Trichinella spiralis infection in rodents is a well-known model of intestinal inflammation associated with hypermotility. The aim of the study was to use this experimental model to elucidate if Th17 cells are involved in the development of gastrointestinal hypermotility. Colonic smooth muscle contractility was investigated in response to acetylcholine. The levels of IL-17, IL-23 and TGF-beta1 in colon were measured by Western blotting. Flow cytometric detection of intracellular IFN-gamma/IL-4/IL-17 cytokine production was used to analyze the proportions of CD4+ T cells subsets in colon. Our results showed that colonic muscle contractility was increased 2 weeks post infection (PI) and stayed high 12 weeks PI when no discernible inflammation was present in the gut. The proportion of Th17 cells and the expression of IL-17 were up-regulated in colon 2 weeks PI and returned to normal 8 weeks PI. The content of IL-17 was correlated with the colonic smooth muscle hypercontracility 2 weeks PI. Meanwhile, TGF-beta1 was increased 2 weeks PI, while IL-23 was normal. Our results suggest that Th17 cells affect the colonic muscle contractility in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis at intestine stage but not at muscle stage and the effect of Th17 cells on muscle contractility might be induced by TGF-beta1. Other cytokines might be involved in the hypercontracility of colonic smooth muscle at muscle stage.

Objective To analyze the changes of proportion of Th1/Th2/Th17 cells in colonic mucosa and peripheral blood in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and its significance. Methods Twenty patients with UC were enrolled according to the criterion established in Jinan in 2007 and 16 patients were served as controls. The phenotypes of the colonic mucosa and peripheral blood were analysis by using flow cytometry. The variation of proportion of Th1/Th2/Th17 in colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (cLPMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were compared between two groups. Results The proportion of Th17 cell in cLPMCs was increased in UC group compared with controls [3.75% (6.93%)vs. 1.25 (3.70%), P<0.05], whereas it was 1.40%(2.15%) in UC group and 0.70%(0.33%) in controls in PBMCs with significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of Th17 cell in cLPMCs was positively correlated with clinical parameters of the disease (r=0.34, P<0.05). No difference was found in proportion of Th1 or Th2 cells in cLPMCs or PBMCs between UC group and controls. Conclusions Among three helper T cells, Th17 cell in UC patients is predominant both in colonic mucosa and peripheral blood, which can be used as an effective target for treatment.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic effect ofZishen decoction combined with standard treatment of western medicine for for stage IV diabetic nephropathy with Qi and Yin deficiency.MethodsA total of 112 patients with stage IV diabetic nephropathy and Qi and Yin deficiency were randomized to thestandard treatment and the combined treatment groups, 56 in each. The standard treatment group received conventional treatment, including blood glucose controlling, antihypertensive, blood lipid regulating and diet controlling. The combined treatment group receivedZishen decoction on the basis of conventional treatment. All the patients were treated for 3 months. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), total cholesterol (TG), triacylglycerol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured by an automatic chemistry analyzer. The urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsCompared with the standard treatment group, the SCr (53.51 ± 18.12μmol/Lvs. 62.66 ± 21.14μmol/L;t=2.459,P<0.05), UAER(100.73±84.24μg/minvs. 156.24 ± 96.38μg/min;t=3.245,P<0.05), TG(1.73±0.22 mmol/Lvs. 2.06 ± 0.21 mmol/L;t=8.112,P<0.01), TC(4.56 ± 0.62 mmol/Lvs. 5.10 ±0.31 mmol/L;t=5.830, P<0.01), LDL-C (2.42 ± 1.05 mmol/Lvs. 3.31 ± 0.81 mmol/L;t=5.022,P<0.01) in the combined treatment group decreased significantly, and the HDL-C (1.67 ± 0.33 mmol/Lvs. 1.36 ± 0.41 mmol/L;t=4.460,P<0.01) increased significantly. ConclusionZishen decoction on the basis of conventional treatment can improve the SCr and UAER, and regulate the blood lipid in the patients with stage IV diabetic nephropathy and Qi-Yin deficiency.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the self-made Zishen decoction combined with conventional western medicine therapy and health education on the patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Methods The 112 patients with DN were randomly assigned to 2 groups (each group 56 patients) at a ratio of 1:1. The control group was treated with control of glucose, blood pressure, lipid, and diet therapy, and the treatment group was with self-made prescription of invigorating the kidney and health education based on the control group treatment. All patients were treated for 6 months. The SF-36 scale was used to assess the quality of life, and the clinical effect was determined based on the blood biochemical indexes. Results Total clinical effect of the treatment group was 85.7%(48/56), and the control group was 67.9%(38/56) (χ2=4.057, P=0.044). Compared with the control group after treatment for 6 months, the physical condition (72.17 ± 13.41 vs. 64.59 ± 11.83, t=3.172), social function (64.58 ± 14.54 vs. 58.94 ± 14.62, t=2.047), physical role function (55.82 ± 10.11 vs. 47.46 ± 10.18, t=4.360), emotional role function (60.43 ± 10.20 vs. 56.04 ± 11.44, t=2.143), energy (69.86 ± 11.43 vs. 62.47 ± 11.12, t=3.468), general health status (68.57 ± 11.25 vs. 62.45 ± 11.78, t=2.812) of the treatment group were significantly improved (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusion The self-made Zishen decoction and health education combined with conventional western medicine can improve the clinical effect and quality of life of patients with DN.

Objective To survey the function and relation of cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) between depression,anxiety and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods One hundred and twenty-one patients with RA were investigated.All of them were assessed by Hamihon Depression Rating Scale and Hamihon Anxiety Rating Scale.Results ① The rate of depression in RA patients was 44.6％,and the rate of anxiety was 32.2％,the rate of depression combined anxiety in RA patients was 30.6％.② Social factors:Unemployment [14 cases (26.4％) vs8 cases (11.9％),x2=4.14] and education [41 cases (83.7％) vs 37 cases (58.7％),x2=8.11]was significantly different between depression and non-depression patients (P＜0.05).Age,unemployment and education was significantly different between anxiety patients and non-anxiety patients (P＜0.05).③ Clinical factors:tender joint count,swollen joint count,disease activity score (DAS)28,health assessment questionnaire (HAQ),VAS,function of joint and C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly different between depression patients and non-depression patients [6(2,21) vs 1(0,14);4(1,11) vs 2(0,8);24.0(2.5,36.25) vs 2.5(0,19.5);5(3,9) vs 4(0,7);89.8％ vs 9.7％;37.63(13.25,70.75) vs 11.29(2.05,36.78)] (P＜0.05).And anxiety patients and non-anxiety patients had the same results [6(3,25) vs 2(0,14);6(1.5,12) vs 2(0,7.25);25(5,36) vs 3(0,25);8(5,10) vs 5(1.75,7);91.4％ vs 64.5％;33.4(11.0,63.0) vs 16.8(2.5,54.3)](P＜0.05).④ Cytokine:IL-6 was significantly different between depression patients and non-depression patients (P＜0.05).JAK-2,JAK-3,Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3,matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)-3,MMP-13 were not different between depression patients and non-depression patients (P＞0.05).IL-6,JAK-2,JAK-3,STAT-3,MMP-3,MMP-13 were not different between anxiety patients and non-anxiety patients (P＞0.05).⑤ Correlation analysis:Education level was negatively related with the severity of depression (r=0.288,P＜0.05).Tender joint count,swollen joint count,DAS28,HAQ,VAS,function of joint,erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),CRP,IL-6 was positively related with the severity of depression (r=0.348,0.268,0.481,0.318,0.381,0.417,0.397,0.311,0.249;P＜0.05).Education level was negatively related with the severity of anxiety.Tender joint count,swollen joint count (r=-0.244,P＜0.05),DAS28,HAQ,VAS,function of joint,ESR,CRP was positively related with the severity of depression (r=0.282,0.261,0.381,0.284,0.284,0.299,0.263,0.178;all P＜0.05).⑥ Risk factors:IL-6 was the only risk factor in RA patients with depression.Conclusion The rate of depression and anxiety in RA is 44.6％.Depression and anxiety is related with disease activity,pain and HAQ.IL-6 is a high risk factor that makes patients prone to develop depression in RA patients.

Objective:To investigate the status of professional self-efficacy and its influencing factors among postgraduates in Master of Nursing Specialist(MNS).Methods:Totally 185 postgraduates from 33 universities were chosen by convenience sampling from December 2018 to January 2019 for a cross-sectional survey. Subjects completed a questionnaire covering demographic data, Professional Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Nursing Students, the Chinese version of Proactive Personality Scale and Career Social Support Inventory for Chinese College Students.Results:The score of professional self-efficacy was (92.78±13.22) . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the sense of achievement in clinical work, proactive personality and career decision support were the influencing factors of postgraduates professional self-efficacy, with an interpretability of 40.2%.Conclusion:Professional self-efficacy of postgraduates is at upper middle level. Schools, hospitals and other relevant institutions should further improve the postgraduates cultivation model, establish high quality clinical practice bases, encourage postgraduates to actively explore career development pathway and provide adequate advices and supports, to improve the professional self-efficacy of postgraduates.