Anthrax is a malignant infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis spores,after entering the host Bacillus an-thracis produces and releases anthrax toxin,which is the main cause leading to death of the host. The anthrax toxin is composed of two enzymatically active components:lethal factor(LF)and edema factor(EF),and one shared receptor binding and translocation com-ponent:protective antigen(PA). PA combined with LF is called lethal toxin(LeTx),while PA combined with EF called edema toxin (EdTx). Currently,the main drugs for treating anthrax are antibiotics,but antibiotics can only kill part of anthrax spores and bacte-ria,and cannot inhibit the activity of anthrax toxin. So it is necessary to develop novel drugs for inhibiting anthrax toxin. This review summarizes the evolution of small-molecule inhibitors of anthrax toxin respectively targeting PA,LF and EF.

Quantitative analysis on diffusion tensor imaging is prerequisite. The arithmetic of statistical analysis was reviewed in this article via analyzing the arithmetic of quantitative parameters and fiber track on diffusion tensor imaging.

Objective:To construct Streptococcus suis type 2 Δ0948 complementary strain and verify its effect on suilysin (SLY) secretion and virulence. Methods:The SSU05_0948 gene sequence with promoter was amplified by PCR and ligated to pAT18 vector to construct complementary strain and verify its expression through Western blot. Growth curve was drawn to compare the growth of complementary strain against the wild-type strain and mutant strain in different periods. CD1 mice challenge model was used to verify whether complementary strain could restore the virulence of mutant. SLY hemolytic activity and Western blot were compared the effect of complementary strain and wild-type strain and mutant strain on SLY protein secretion at different time points.Results:The complementary strain was successfully constructed, but the expression of SSU05_0948 was lower than the wild-type strain. The growth rate of the complementary strain was significantly slower than the wild-type strain and mutant strain in the logarithmic growth phase, but the same in the platform phase. The CD1 mice challenge model showed the complementary strain could basically restore the virulence of the mutant strain. The hemolytic activity of SLY and Western blot showed that SSU05_0948 could inhibit the secretion of SLY protein in the early and middle logarithmic phase, but did not affect the secretion of SLY in the late logarithmic and platform phase, while the complementary strain could restore the secretion of SLY protein.Conclusions:The complementary strain CΔ0948 of Streptococcus suis can restore the virulence of mutant strain Δ0948, and SSU05_0948 affects the virulence of Δ0948, which provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of Streptococcus suis.

Objective To compare and evaluate two type-specific primers PCR genotyping methods of hepatitis B virus ( HBV) which were established by Naito et al ( Naito method) and our lab (new method). Methods The two genotyping methods were applied for detecting the plasmids containing the HBV genomes of genotype A or D or subgenotype B1 or C2 and the plasmids mixed with different proportion of subgenotypes B1 and C2. In addition, the genotypes of 113 serum samples of patients with chronic HBV infection from Shenzhen, Handan and Urumqi cities of China were identified by the two methods, respectively. The results were verified by PCR product based sequencing. Results The sensitivity of the two methods showed no difference when they were applied to detect the plasmids containing the HBV genomes of genotype A or D or subgenotype B1 or C2. While detecting the plasmids mixed with different proportion of subgenotypes B1 and C2, the sensitivity of the new method was superior than that of Naito method. Meanwhile, the specificity of the new method was obviously superior than that of Naito method. Both of the two methods were highly sensitive in identification of HBV genotypes of serum samples with a single genotype. However, the new method showed more sensitive in identification of the B/C mix strains than that of Naito method. The total coincidence rate between the two methods was 83. 2% (94/113), with the discrepancy of 16. 8% (19/113). Fifteen of the 19 inconsistent genotypes by the two methods were selected and their PCR products were sequenced directly. The sequencing results were identical with that of the new methods, but not with that of the Naito method. Conclusion The new method is more sensitive, and its specificity is superior to the Naito method. It could be used for clinical and epidemiological studies on HBV genotype and subgenotype in China.

China Food and Drug Administration didn't issue any guideline on the pre-clinical study of drug-eluting coronary stent system, the basic requirement of the authorized administration was summarized to help manufacture prepare the document during the registration process.
China ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; methods ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Guidelines as Topic

Objective To explore the indication and the functional advantages of the high-flexion posterior stabilized (PS) rotating-platform mobile-bearing (RP-MB) total knee system. Methods A prospective randomized, controlled trial was performed. Osteoarthritis was the indicators for total knee arthroplasty.From Feb. 2009 to Apr. 2009, 75 patients (94 knees) were randomly assigned to to receive either a highflexion PS, RP-MB total knee system(PFC sigma RPF) or a standard one (PFC sigma RP). There were no statistical difference in the baselines, the preoperative scores of the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) and the knee range of motion (ROM) of both groups. The functional status were assessed with Hospital for Special Surgery and the ROM of the knee at the postoperative 1, 6, 12, 18 months. The satisfaction rates were assessed at the postoperative 18 months. The radiographic measurements were t assessed at the postoperative 3days and 3, 6, 12, 18 months. Results A total of 70 participants (87 knees) completed the 18-month followup. At the time of the final follow-up, the average Hospital for Special Surgery knee score was 92.4±5.0points in the standard group and 94.7±7.0 points in the high-flex ion group. The difference was not statistically significant(P ＞0.05). The average maximal flexion was 131.9±14 degrees in the high-flexion group and 123.0±15.3 degrees in the standard group. There was a statistical difference. But it was not enough to confirm our hypothesis that the difference should be higher than 10 degrees. Moreover, the satisfaction rate were 100% in both groups, and no statistical significant difference was found. Conclusion No significant differences were found between standard and high-flexion posterior-stabilized rotating-platform mobile-bearing total knee prostheses in terms of clinical outcomes or range of motion.

Objective To explore the effects of willed movement on neurological performance and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathway in rats following focal cerebral ischemia.Methods Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in 144 male SpragueDawley rats using intraluminal sutures,and they were randomly divided into a control group,a swimming exercise group,an environment modification group,and a willed movement group.The observation time points were at 7,15 and 30 days after reperfusion.A behavioral test was performed to evaluate any neurological deficiency.Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to detect the ERK and CREB responses in terms of mRNA and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) protein in the peri-ischemic brain tissue.Results The climbing frequency of the willed movement group was significantly higher than that of the environment modification group.Three days after reperfusion the neurological deficit scores of all groups began to decrease,and that of the willed movement group had decreased significantly more than in the other three groups at all time points.ERK/CREB mRNA and pERK and pCREB protein expression were dramatically up-regulated in the willed movement group at 7,15 and 30 days after reperfusion,significantly more than in the other three groups.Conclusions Willed movement may promote motor recovery by up-regulating and activating the ERK/CREB pathway following focal cerebral ischemia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence,antibiotic resistance and genotype of the extended-spectrum ?-lactamases(ESBLs)-producing clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.METHODS A total of 104 isolates of K.pneumoniae were examined for the ESBLs production and the susceptibilities of the bacteria to 15 antimicrobial agents.PCR was performed to detect the genes encoding the ESBLs belonging to SHV and TEM families as well as CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-9 groups.RESULTS The ESBLs-producers of K.pneumoniae were 54.0% in the total of 104 isolates.Almost all of the ESBLs-producing isolates were resistant to the antibiotics commonly used,and only remained susceptible to carbapenems and the combination of cefoperazone with sulbactam.The genes of SHV,CTX-M-1 and TEM groups were detected in the ESBLs-producing isolates by 64.3%,46.4%,and 32.1%,respectively,and 35.7% and 8.9% of ESBLs-producing K.pneumoniae strains carried two and three genes.CONCLUSIONS The clinical isolates of K.pneumoniae in Tianjin Nankai Hospital are shown a high rate of ESBLs-producing and antibiotic resistance.SHV and CTX-M-1 groups of ESBLs are the dominant genotypes in the isolates of ESBLs-producing K.pneumoniae.

During the past years transcatheter aortic valve replacement has evolved to a promising technique for the treatment of the patients who suffered from severe aortic stenosis, the progress and basic consideration on clinical study have been summarized in the article.
Aortic Valve ; physiopathology ; Aortic Valve Stenosis ; therapy ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Humans ; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

India is a parliamentary republic country located in South Asian. Its medical and healthcare insurance is paid by the state government and it has the world’s largest "free medical" service system. India has a long history of traditional medicine (TM) represented mainly by Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Yoga etc. As early as the 2nd century BC, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) was introduced to India along with religious exchanges and trade activities. At present, acupuncture has achieved independent legal status in India and there are many acupuncture clinics and associations. However, non-acupuncture TCM treatments lack development in India, but the application of acupuncture lacks of systematic standards.