e combina-tion of protamine sulfate and potassium chloride to establish interstitial cystitis animal model is reliable and feasible. Researchers can choose the right time of irrigation based on the intent of the experiment.

Objective To explore the clinical features and the management of incision of scalp pain after craniotomy. Methods 129 patients after craniotomy without postoperative neuralgia were involved. The onset, severity, and characteristics of the pain were recorded within 1 week after the craniotomy. Patients with moderate-severe pain were given oxycodone and acetaminophen (treatment group) or rotundine (control) for 3 d. Results 39.5%（51/129）of patients experienced moderate to severe postoperative pain. After treatment, 76.9% （20/26） in treatment group and 36.0% （9/25） in control were released from the pain (P<0.01). The pain intensity differences and sum of pain intensity differences were more in treatment than in control (P<0.01). Conclusion Incision of scalp pain is common after craniotomy. Oxycodone and acetaminophen, called multimodal analgesia is efficacious and safe for it.

Abstract: Objective　In order to understand and master the prevalence of different genotypes and the rate of different drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes in Hainan Province, 136 drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains collected in Hainan province in 2022 were genotyped, and to provide scientific basis for tuberculosis prevention and control strategy in Hainan Province. Methods　A total of 136 drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were collected in Hainan Province. The clinical isolates were genotyped using the Spoligotyping technique, and the drug resistance rates of different genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were statistically analyzed. Results　Among the 136 strains of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 54.41% (74/136) belonged to the Beijing types, 27.94% (38/136) to non-Beijing types and newly identified genotypes accounted for 17.65% (24/136). The Beijing type included two genotypes, SIT1 and SIT269 genotypes, accounting for 52.94% (72/136) and 1.47% (2/136) respectively. Among the non-Beijing genotypes, the T type (T1, T2, T3) accounted for 21.32% (29/136), the U type accounted for 6.62% (9/136). Clustering analysis of genotyping results revealed two major clusters, Beijing type and non-Beijing type, as well as several scattered novel genotypes. Clustering analysis of Spoligotyping results classified the 136 drug-resistant strains into 3 clusters, with a clustering rate of 75.74% (103/136). The rates of mono-resistance (MR), poly-resistance (PR), multi-drug resistance (MDR), and other types of drug resistance in Beijing type and non-Beijing type were 41.89% (31/74), 13.51% (10/74), 24.33% (18/74), 20.27% (15/74) and 36.84% (14/38), 15.79% (6/38), 26.32% (10/38), 21.05% (8/38) respectively. Chi-square test results showed no statistically significant differences in drug resistance rates between the Beijing and non-Beijing types (P>0.05). Conclusion　The genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hainan Province showed genetic polymorphism, with the main epidemic genotype being SIT1 in the Beijing type. Monitoring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in this genotype should be strengthened.

Objective To understand the drug resistance surveillance situation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hainan Province from 2018 to 2022, analyze the drug resistance status and trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hainan Province, and provide scientific basis for the formulation of tuberculosis prevention and treatment strategies. Methods A total of 2 481 sputum culture-positive isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients collected from 2018 to 2022 were subjected to strain identification and drug sensitivity testing. Strain identification was performed using the p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNB) inhibition test, and the sensitivity test for six anti-tuberculosis drugs, including Rifampicin (RFP), Isoniazid (INH), Streptomycin (SM), Ethambutol (EMB), Ofloxacin (OFX), and Kanamycin (KM), was conducted using the solid culture proportion method. The drug sensitivity results were statistically analyzed. Results Of the 2 481 isolates, 2 211 were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The overall drug-resistance rate was 19.9% (441/2 211). The drug resistance rates for initial-treatment and retreatment patients were 15.7% (271/1 729) and 35.3% (170/482) respectively, with a statistically significant difference (χ2=90.65, P<0.01). The mono-resistance rate (MR) was 6.0% (132/2 211), with monoresistance rates of 5.6% (97/1 729) for initial-treatment patients and 7.3% (35/482) for retreatment patients, with no statistically significant difference (χ2=1.83, P>0.05). The overall poly-resistance rate (PR) was 4.1% (91/2 211), with polyresistance rates of 3.5% (61/1 729) for initial-treatment patients and 6.2% (30/482) for retreatment patients. The overall multidrug-resistance rate (MDR) was 8.0% (176/2 211), with multidrug resistance rates of 4.2% (72/1 729) for initial-treatment patients and 21.6% (104/482) for retreatment patients. According to the χ2 test, the retreatment group had significantly higher rates of polyresistance and multidrug resistance than the initial-treatment patient group, with statistically significant differences (χ2=6.94, P<0.01; χ2=155.98, P<0.01). The resistance rates to individual drugs in descending order were 11.6% (251/2 211) to INH, 11.4% (255/2 211) to RFP, 8.6% (191/2 211) to SM, 8.2% (181/2 211) to OFX, 4.0% (88/2 211) to EMB, and 1.6% (35/2 211) to KM. Conclusions The overall drug-resistance rate, poly-resistance rate, and multidrug resistance rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in retreatment patients in Hainan Province are higher than those in initial-treatment patients. Standardized treatment and management of TB patients are particularly important.

Objective To investigate the Human papillomavirus(HPV)infection in different age groups of women in Shenyang, and explore its correlation with cervical biopsy diagnosis.Methods 7 311 women aged 13-85 did HPV test and thin-cytologic test (TCT)in the hospital.Some of them had biopsy detection under electronic colposcopy,and the pathological diagnosis was the golden standard for the diagnosis of cervical lesions.SPSS18.0 statistical software was used for all statistical analysis.Results The infection rate of <30 years old women was significantly higher than that of 30 - <40,40 - <50,≥50 years old women (P <0.05).The most prevalent high-risk HPV genotype in Shenyang were subtype 16,52,58,53,33,31 and 18,and the most prevalent low-risk HPV subtypes were 81,11 and 6.The former 4 subtypes of high-risk HPV infection accounted for 67.3% of all high-risk infection.As to the 4 subtypes with higher infection rate,the infection rate of ≥40 years old women was higher than that of <40 years old(χ2 =20.29,P =0.00).The top two low-risk HPV subtypes accounted for 74.8% of the infections.The mean age of the ICC patients were 48.3,which was statistically different from the other groups(P <0.05).Cervical lesions occured mostly in 40-49 years old,which accounted for 37.1% and was higher than the other agees(P <0.01).HPV16 infection rate increased with the severity of cervical lesions.Conclusion HPV DNA genotyping is a necessary methord for cervical cancer screen,an effective com-plement for precancerous lesions diagnosis which was missed in cytology test,and also an indispensable test for CIN treatment and follow-up after operation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of Gingkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761) induced delayed preconditioning on cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) expression during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: Four groups (10 in each) of Sprague-Dawley male rats were studied. In the sham group, the rats received no treatment. Rats in the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group were treated with NS (1.0 mL/kg intravenously) 24 h before ischemia. Rats in the M group were treated with EGb761 (100 mg/kg intravenously) 24 h before the ischemia. In the D group , EGb761-treated rats that received the 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), an inhibitor of mitochondrial KATP channels 15 min before the ischemia. The IR, M, and D groups were subjected to ischemia by 30 min of coronary artery occlusion before 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, myocardial infarct size was measured. CcO was measured by Western blot. The myocardial ultrastructure was observed under the electron microscope. RESULTS: The infarct size was significantly smaller in the M group [(23.78 ± 4.82)%] than in the I/R group [(37.87 ± 5.92)%] (P<0.05). The CcO protein expression in the myocardium was significantly higher in the M group than in the I/R group(P<0.05). Microscopic examination showed less myocardial damage in the M group than that in the I/R group. The infarct size, CcO protein expression, and myocardial damage had no significant difference between the D group and the I/R group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION EGb761 induced delayed preconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury possibly through up-regulating CcO expression in rats.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; metabolism ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; methods ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; methods ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

ObjectiveTo identify mutations ofGATA4 andGATA6 genes in children with isolated congenital atrial septal defect (ASD).Methods From November 2012 to November 2013, 101 patients with ASD (99 unrelated patients and one twin) who were submitted to catheter-based intervention and 100 ethnicity-matched children without congenital heart disease, blood disorders and chromosomal abnormalities were enrolled. The blood was collected. The coding regions and lfanking regions of theGATA4 andGATA6 genes were ampliifed by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using the dideoxvnucleotide chain termination technique, and then compared with the normal sequence in the Genbank.Results Two novel heterozygous missense GATA6mutations, c. G145A and c. G151A, were identiifed in 2 unrelated ASD patients, which were not present in the controls. These two mutations predicted the conversion of glycine into serine at amino acid residue 49 (G49S) and glutamate into lysine at amino acid residue 52 (K52E). A heterozygous missenseGATA6 mutation c.43 G>C, which caused a conversion from glycine to arginine, was found in 9 ASD patients and 7 controls. A single nucleotide polymorphism c.99G>T, which did not cause amino acid conversion inGATA4 gene, was found.ConclusionsGATA6 gene is an important transcription factor in heart development. The mutation ofGATA6 gene may cause the change of its transcriptional activity, and lead to ASD.

GATA6 transcription factor belongs to the GATA family and contains 2 conserved zinc ifnger DNA binding domains. GATA6 not only presents in embryonic tissues but also found in heart, lung and pancreas and is essential for the maintenance of their function.The present review focuses on the critical roles of GATA6 in heart development and atrial septal defect to provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment of atrial septal defect.

Acute poisoning represents a prevalent critical illness jeopardizing patient survival. Early, precise assessment of the condition and subsequent appropriate therapeutic intervention are pivotal in enhancing treatment success rates. Currently, a standardized approach to evaluating the severity of acute poisoning is lacking. Various scoring systems, including Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) , Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) , and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) , offer valuable insights into acute poisoning assessment. Nevertheless, the distinct attributes of each scoring system constrain their broad clinical utility. Confronted with the intricate clinical demands of acute poisoning, the adoption of staged and dynamic assessment strategies is imperative to ascertain the condition of acute poisoning patients with greater accuracy.

Acute poisoning represents a prevalent critical illness jeopardizing patient survival. Early, precise assessment of the condition and subsequent appropriate therapeutic intervention are pivotal in enhancing treatment success rates. Currently, a standardized approach to evaluating the severity of acute poisoning is lacking. Various scoring systems, including Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) , Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) , and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) , offer valuable insights into acute poisoning assessment. Nevertheless, the distinct attributes of each scoring system constrain their broad clinical utility. Confronted with the intricate clinical demands of acute poisoning, the adoption of staged and dynamic assessment strategies is imperative to ascertain the condition of acute poisoning patients with greater accuracy.