Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) has been increasingly used in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in the past 30 years.The effect of IVIG is obvious,but its mechanism of action is unclear.This review discusses the progresses in mechanism of action of IVIG in recent years,which include the F(ab) 2 and Fc receptor-mediated mechanisms of IVIG,modulation of adhesion molecules and cytokine production.We also discuss these mechanisms with respect to the different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases for which they might be relevant.

BACKGROUND:Studies have demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells under certain condition, which provides a new idea for the treatment of end-sate liver diseases, such as acute hepatic failure. OBJECTIVE:To review the discovery, isolation and culture, induction and differentiation, and application prospects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS:A computer-based online research of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed to col ect articles about bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells published between 1999 and 2014. The key words were“hepatocyte-like cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, celldifferentiation”in Chinese and English. Final y, 52 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Currently, the most important issue in liver tissue engineering is to find a kind of seed cells with stable traits and liver-specific functions. Mature hepatocytes are difficult to be harvested, and immune rejection and difficulty in in vitro culture also severely limit the development of liver transplantation. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells characterized as multiple differentiation, rapid self-renewal, easy to be cultured and proliferated have been considered as the most promising source of cells. Increasing studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into liver cells in vitro and in vivo, and differentiated cells have the synthesis and secretion functions same as hepatocytes. But how to proliferate such a large number of cells, to maintain the good differentiation potential of cells, to optimize the culture conditions in vitro as wel as mechanisms of induction and differentiation mechanisms and clinical security need further studies.

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia is a common disease of chronic constipation in children, which is one of the Hirschsprung disease allied disorders. In recent years, the diagnostic methods of intestinal neuronal dysplasia have been improved, but diagnostic criteria are not standardized yet. The treatments include conservative treatment and surgical treatment. Special attention should be paid to save the integrity of the anal canal during operation. Moreover, using intestinal transplantation of neural stem cells and small intestinal transplantation to treat intestinal neuronal dysplasia has gained increasing attention.

In the horizon of psycho-philosophy,marriage is not just the combination of two individuals(husband and wife),and romantic love cannot be the emotional foundation of marriage.Only when the individuals are integrated into the ethical substance of marriage by spirit,and the romance love turns into an ethical emotion,can their marriage be a harmonious one.Therefore,enhancing the ethics education and guiding marriage activities with marital ethical norms can be viewed as effective approaches to tackling relevant marital issues in current society.

Integrin is a cell surface receptor that is widely expressed in mammals.Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a key kinase of the integrin signaling pathway which combines with integrins to communicate cell and extracellular matrix.Recent studies have shown that ILK can activate phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) and transforming growth factor beta/Smad (TGF-β/Smad) signaling pathways,which can promote cell proliferation,adhesion and migration of lens epithelial cells.It also can activate glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin (GSK3β/β-catenin) and other signaling pathways mediate aquaporins to regulate the water transport process.Eventually these changes can affect osmotic pressure of lens and lead to the formation of cataract.Cataract is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide.It is a multi-factorial optic disorder associated with various risk factors such as aging,genetic,metabolic abnormalities,trauma,ultraviolet light exposure,poisoning and malnutrition.But the pathogenesis of cataract is not fully understood.ILK can mediate the migration,adhesion,proliferation and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells through a variety of signaling pathways.Therefore,it is very important to study the role of ILK in the pathogenesis of cataract in the prevention and treatment of cataract.In this article,we reviewed the role of ILK in the pathogenesis of cataract from recent years.

Patients with severe cerebrovascular diseases are often complicated with central hyponatremia in clinical,which can lead to electrolyte disorders and break the homeostasis.The current medical research found that cerebral salt consumption syndrome (CSWS) and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) are common causes of central hyponatremia.As one of risk factors that affect the curative effect and prognosis,central hyponatremia tends to increase mortality in patients with severe cerebrovascular diseases.

Many countries have prevented and treated iron deficiency by more and more iron nutritional fortifiers. Although technical challenges limit the amount of bioavailable iron that can be added to many foods,evidence from controlled trials has shown that iron fortification can effectively control iron deficiency. Selective plant breeding and genetic engineering are promising new approaches to improve dietary iron bioavailability.However, a major challenge is to show that they can increase iron content to nutritionally useful levels and that the additional iron is bioavailable.

Objective To investigate the operation effect of cardiopulmonary suppository before painless artificial abortion. Methods 300 patients with painless artificial abortion were enrolled in our hospital from August 2013 to October 2016. They were divided into control group and observation group according to randomized and double-blind way. The patients in the control group were not given any drugs before operation.The patients in the observation group were placed preoperatively in the posterior vagina. The cervical relaxation, expansion time, intraoperative blood loss, analgesic effect and induced abortion syndrome Happening were observed in the two groups. Results The cervical relaxation rate in the observation group was 132/150 (88.00%),which was significantly better than that of the control group 83/150 (55.33%), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The effective rate of analgesia in the observation group was 94.67%, significantly higher than that in the control group 70% . In the observation group, the time of dilatation was (31.6±3.59) s, intraoperative blood loss was (8.9±3.12) mL, and the incidence of induced abortion syndrome was 2.67%, which were significantly better than those in the control group, the time of dilatation (53.2±4.21) s, intraoperative blood loss (14.9±3.96) mL, abortion syndrome occurred 25.33% , the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The painless artificial abortion before the use of preoperative suppository, can effectively expand the patient's cervix, reduce the operation time, and effectively reduce the amount of intraoperative blood loss, painless abortion is an effective relief of patient suffering drug.

MicroRNA (miRNA),an endogenous RNA,is wide spread in various organisms.Recent studies have found that miRNA plays an important role in cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis,immune and inflammatory response,etc.It's estimated that nearly 1/3 genes are regulated by miRNA.Because of its important role,the studies of miRNA related to kidney physiological and pathological mechanisms attract more attention gradually.it's very necessary to summarize the latest studies on kidney diseases.

Objective To observe and compare the effects of fire-needle therapy, acupuncture, acupoint thread embedding on the quality of life (QOL) and clinical efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Method Ninety RA patients were randomized into a fire-needle therapy group, an acupuncture group, and an acupoint thread embedding group,30 cases in each group. The fire-needle therapy group was intervened by fire-needle acupuncture, the acupuncture group was by ordinary acupuncture treatment, and the acupoint thread embedding group was by acupoint thread embedding. The fire-needle therapyand ordinary acupuncture were given once every other day, and the acupoint thread embedding was given once every 2 weeks, 1 month as a treatment course. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated before the treatment, and respectively after 1 and 2 treatmentcourses, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaire was adopted for evaluation.Result After 1 or 2 treatment courses, the scores in the domain of physical health were significantly changed compared to those before treatment in each group (P<0.01,P<0.05). After 1 treatment course, the scores of physical health and psychological domain in the fire-needle therapy group were significantly higher than those in the acupoint thread embedding group (P<0.01). After 2 treatment courses, the scores of physical health and psychological domain in the fire-needle therapy group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.01,P<0.05). Regarding the domain of social relationships, the score in the fire-needle therapy group after 1 treatment course was significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.05); the score in the acupoint thread embedding group after 2 treatment courses was significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.05). There were no significant between-group differences in comparing the score in the domain of social relationships (P>0.05). The scores in environment domain in the fire-needle therapy group and acupuncture group were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.01); the scores in the fire-needle therapy group and acupuncture group were superior to that in the acupoint thread embedding group after 1 treatment course (P<0.01);there were no significant between-group differences in comparing the score in environment domain (P>0.05). Conclusion Fire-needle therapy is an effective approach in treating RA, and it can significantly boost the QOL of the RA patients.