The tutorial system is one of the most important characteristics of the Oxford University.Many graduates have become the elites of England including the prime ministers,government officials and famous scholars through this educational system.The tutors put a great deal of emphasis on the foster of the students' ability.It is“whole-person”education.The educational flow would be like this:self-study,independent thoughts,spreading learning and overall development.It has a great impact on our higher educational ideas,testing methods,quality of the tutors,the morality and the relationship between the tutors and students.It has enlightenment on the directors' system as well.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids in Astragalus membranaceus. METHODS:HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.3% formic acid (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm, and the column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. RESULTS:The linear ranges of calycosin-7-O-glucoside,iso-quercitrin,genistin,ononin,calycosin,quercetin,genistein,kaempferol,isorhamnetin and formononetion were 0.03029-1.5145μg (r=0.9994),0.01500-0.7500 μg(r=0.9995),0.00739-0.3695 μg(r=0.9991),0.12011-6.0055 μg(r=0.9998),0.03836-1.918 μg (r=0.9999),0.02989-1.4945 μg(r=0.9995),0.00704-0.352 μg(r=0.9994),0.01683-0.8415 μg(r=0.9995),0.00454-0.227μg(r=0.9999),0.01336-0.668 μg(r=0.9999),respectively. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0% . The recoveries were 99.55% -100.45%(RSD=0.36% ,n=6) ,99.34% -101.00%(RSD=0.59% ,n=6) , 98.05%-100.36%(RSD=1.27%,n=6),99.73%-100.13%(RSD=0.18%,n=6),99.70%-100.30%(RSD=0.22%,n=6), 99.67%-103.27%(RSD=1.37%,n=6),98.13%-104.41%(RSD=2.37%,n=6),96.35%-100.06%(RSD=1.46%,n=6), 99.47%-101.13%(RSD=0.60%,n=6),99.70%-100.06%(RSD=0.15%,n=6),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:This method is convenient,sensitive,stable and reproducible,can be used for simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids in A. membranaceus.

[Objective]This study was designed to investigate the genetic evolution of the neuraminidase(NA)gene of seasonal A/H1N1 and 2009 novel A/H1N1 inflilenza virus,and discuss the genetic variation of influenza A virus.[Methods]The virus strains were separately isolated from the clinical samples collected in 2006 and 2009,and then identified as seasonal A/H1N1 and novel A/H1N1.The full length of the NA gene of these strains was amplified by RT-PCR.Then the genetic evolution and mutations of important functional sites were analyzed.[Results]The homology of NA gene between the 2009 novel A/H1N1 isolates and 2006 seasonal A/H1N1 isolates was low(77.9%～78.8%),so was the homology of NA gene between the 2009 novel A/H1N1 isolates and representative strains of different periods and 1979-2001 WHO recommended vaccine strains(78.1%～79.3%).But compared with the WHO recommended vaccine strains of 2009 novel A/H1N1,the homology reached more than 99%.The genetic evolution analysis revealed that NA gene of 2009 novel A/H1N1 had the closest genetic relationship with the swine influenza A virus(A/swine/Belgium/1/1983)from Eurasian Iineage,and some of the antigenic sites and neuraminidase active sites of NA gene of seasonal A/H1N1 were mutated after 2005.[Conclusion]The NA gene of 2009 novel A/H1N1 may originate from Eurasian Iineage of swine influenza virus.The variation of NA gene of seasonal A/H1N1 has occurred in a certain degree.Hence,it is very necessary to continuously monitor the variant of influenza A virus.