PURPOSE: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has been well-documented to induce liver injury. miRNA-222-3p (miR-222-3p) was implicated in SEB-induced lung injury and several liver injuries. This study aimed to explore the role of miR-222-3p in SEB-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression of miR-222-3p and suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) was detected using real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. Liver injury was determined by levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and inflammatory cytokines, numbers of infiltrating mononuclear cells using AST/ALT assay kit, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. Target binding between miR-222-3p and SOCS1 was predicted on targetScan software, and confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: SEB induced liver injury in D-galactosamine (D-gal)-sensitized mice, as demonstrated by increased serum levels of AST and ALT, elevated release of interferon-gamma (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-2, and promoted infiltrating immune cells into liver. Expression of miR-222-3p was dramatically upregulated, and SOCS1 was downregulated in SEB-induced liver injury both in mice and splenocytes. Moreover, miR-222-3p knockout (KO) mice exhibited alleviated liver injury accompanied with SOCS1 upregulation. Besides, splenocytes under SEB challenge released less INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 during miR-222-3p knockdown. Mechanically, SOCS1 was targeted and downregulated by miR-222-3p. Upregulation of SOCS1 attenuated INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 release in SEB-induced splenocytes; downregulation of SOCS1 could block the suppressive role of miR-222-3p knockdown in SEB-induced splenocytes. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of miR-222-3p relieves SEB-induced liver inflammatory injury by upregulating SOCS1, thereby providing the first evidence of miR-222-3p in SEB-induced liver injury.
Alanine Transaminase ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Blotting, Western ; Cytokines ; Down-Regulation ; Enterotoxins ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-6 ; Liver ; Luciferases ; Lung Injury ; Mice ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Up-Regulation

Refeeding syndrome(RFS)has a high incidence among critically ill patients and significantly impacts the re-covery and prognosis of the patients.In this paper,we reviewed the literature on the risk factors and risk prediction models for RFS,finding the risk factors of RFS included patient-related,treatment-related factors and disease-related factors and the risk prediction models encompassed risk stratification model,risk score models and the Logistic regression models.It was concluded from the review that early assessment was crucial to preventing the occurrence of RFS.However,there was still a lack of reliable RFS risk prediction models with good predictive performance.It was found as well that it was crucial for the prevention of RFS to attach importance to nutritional and serological indicators and other factors.It was expected to be a necessity to conduct prospec-tive and multicenter studies to develop a risk prediction model for predicting RFS for ICU patients.Our review provides a refer-ence for early assessment and intervention for critically ill patients with RFS.

Objective To clarify and analyze the concept and connotation of the reflective practice in nurses.Methods CNKI,Wanfang,CBM,PubMed,Embase,Scopus,CIHNAL database were searched in relation to reflective practice in nurses.The retrieval period was from the inception to Dec.2022.Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to analyze the connotation.Results A total of 43 articles were retrieved.6 attributes of reflective practice in nurses were identified,including active engagement,critical thinking,openness and acceptance,making connections with previous knowledge or experiences,extemal support,dynamic and continuity.Antecedents included internal and extemal drivers.The reflective practice in nurses ultimately had a vital impact on themselves,patients and organizations.In recent years Reflective Practice Questionnaire has been one of the most commonly used data collection tools to measure the reflective practice in nurses.Conclusion The concept attributes of reflective practice in nurses were identified by concept analysis method,which provides references for nursing educators to cultivate reflective practice ability of nurses.In future research,researchers can combine the connotations of reflective practice for nurses to develop specific assessment tools for testing the level of reflective practice of nurses and construct the local reflective practice intervention scheme for nurses,so as to promote the development of reflective practice in nursing field in China.

CD36, the major scavenger receptor, is intimately involved in the uptake of oxLDL in macrophages. To further study the function of CD36 in macrophages, we constructed CD36 gene silence cell lines (J774A.1) by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference technique, and analyzed the effect of CD36 in caveolin-1 protein expression. At first, 5 shRNA fragments were designed and synthesized according to the coding sequence (CDS) region of CD36 gene. Next, the CD36-shRNA was inserted into lentiviral vector to yield pLKO.1-CD36-shRNA plasmid. After DNA sequencing, the pLKO.1-CD36-shRNA plasmid and psiCHECK-II-CD36 were co-transfected into the 293T cells to screen the efficient CD36-shRNA. The efficient CD36-shRNA plasmid and the helper plasmid were co-transfected into the 293T cells to package the lentivirus, and then infected the J774A.1 cells. After screening by puromycin, CD36 gene silence cell lines (J774A.1) was established. Western blotting and confocal fluorescence microscopy results showed that the CD36 silencing efficiency in the gene silence cell line was 90%. Accompanied by a decrease in CD36 protein on cell surface, oxLDL binding to CD36 was significantly inhibited, indicating that the CD36 gene silence cell line is successfully established. Finally, the oxLDL stimulation and inhibitor experiments results showed that the CD36 knockdown significantly suppresses the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK, thereby inhibiting the oxLDL-induced caveolin-1 protein expression, demonstrating that CD36 modulates the caveolin-1 protein expression through the JNK/ERK-mediated signaling transduction.