BACKGROUND: Ischemic insult during operation could cause ischemic-reperfusion injuries in brain and memory impairments. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is preferred in brain surgery to promote the use of motor evoked potential monitoring and the use of opioids is common in TIVA. However there were few studies about ischemic protective effect of opioids to astrocytes. METHODS: We used astrocytes, which were derived from human brain. We divided groups by conditioning period; i) pre-culture, ii) post-culture, or iii) pre + post-culture. All groups were treated 100 nM hydromorphone. We measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry with 2',7'-dichloroflurorescin diacetate. Then ROS in astrocytes which treated by opioid receptor antagonist were measured after treating 100 nM hydromorphone. RESULTS: ROS was reduced in hydromorphone treated group, as compared to the control group (only tert-butyl hydroperoxide [TBH] treated). There was no difference in pre-conditioned group and post-conditioned group. However, ROS was much more reduced in pre + post-conditioned group compared to pre-conditioned only or post-conditioned only group. Furthermore each selective micro-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists partially negated the effect of hydromorphone. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that hydromorphone has both preconditioning and postconditioning effects on TBH-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore we proved each micro-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor relates to protective mechanism of hydromorphone to astrocytes.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Astrocytes ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia* ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Hydromorphone* ; Memory ; Oxidative Stress ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Receptors, Opioid ; tert-Butylhydroperoxide

Epidural neuroplasty is a treatment modality for back pain and/or radiating pain caused by mechanical compression or neural inflammation of intra-spinal neural structures. Since epidural neuroplasty was first introduced as a treatment for pain caused by epidural adhesion such as failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), it has been performed as a treatment for many kinds of pain of spinal origin including acute/chronic herniation of intervertebral disc, radiculopathy, spinal stenosis, FBSS, epidural adhesion, vertebral compression fracture, vertebral metastasis, resistant multilevel degenerative arthritis, epidural scar pain by infection or meningitis, and whiplash injury. Epidural neuroplasty is a catheterization technique used to treat back pain and/or radiating pain by injecting therapeutic drugs into lesions of epidural space shown as a filling defect in epidurogram. Usually, normal saline, local anesthetics, and steroid are used as therapeutic drugs. The exact mechanisms of action of the procedure are unknown but include 2 postulated mechanisms of action for pain relief. i.e., mechanical adhesiolysis by volume effect and chemical adhesiolysis by injected drugs. Relative large volumes of normal saline injection resolve adhesions and wash out accumulated pain substances; local anesthetics are used for stabilization and analgesia of flaring neural structures and for pain management for procedure related pain; and steroid is used for the treatment of inflammation of neural and peri-neural structures. The resolution of filling defect can be verified by post-procedure epidurogram. The key point of epidural neuroplasty for good results, is the exact localization of the epidural catheter into the epidural lesion.
Analgesia ; Anesthetics, Local ; Back Pain ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Cicatrix ; Epidural Space ; Failed Back Surgery Syndrome ; Fractures, Compression ; Inflammation ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Meningitis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteoarthritis ; Pain Management ; Radiculopathy ; Spinal Stenosis ; Whiplash Injuries

Drug interaction is the principal concept of anesthetic practice. Typically, drug interactions are divided into three categories i.e., additive, synergistic, or infra-additive interactions. Pharmacodynamic drug interactions are typically described using mathematical models. The traditional model is an isobole, which is an iso-effect curve that shows dose or concentration combinations that result in equal effect. Response surface model is a pharmacodynamic tool that describes all isoboles and concentration effect curves for a given endpoint in one equation. In summarizing concentration-effect relationships, the response surface model allows anesthesiologists the versatility to work with precise and safe drug interactions. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with principal concepts of the isobole and response surface model and evaluate characteristics of most commonly used models, including 4 response surface models i.e., the Greco model, reduced Greco model, Minto model, and the Hierarchy model. In addition, the concept of population analysis using nonlinear mixed effects modeling is introduced.
Anesthesia* ; Drug Interactions* ; Models, Theoretical ; Pharmacology

No abstract available.
Adult ; Bone Marrow/*pathology ; Fatal Outcome ; Graft vs Host Disease/etiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/pathology/*therapy ; *Liver Transplantation/adverse effects ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Transplantation Chimera/*genetics

No abstract available.
Adult ; Autoantigens/*genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Humans ; Janus Kinase 2/*genetics ; Male ; Myeloproliferative Disorders/complications/*genetics ; Sarcoma, Myeloid/complications/*genetics ; Translocation, Genetic

No abstract available.
Humans ; Interferon-gamma Release Tests ; Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis ; Prospective Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/*diagnosis

No abstract available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/*genetics ; Humans ; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Transposases/*genetics ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/*pharmacology

No abstract available.
Achromobacter denitrificans/isolation & purification ; Alcaligenes/isolation & purification ; Bordetella Infections/*microbiology ; Bordetella bronchiseptica/isolation & purification ; Crush Injuries/*microbiology ; Fractures, Bone/*microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Wound Infection/*microbiology ; Tibial Fractures/microbiology

No abstract available.
Female ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Myeloproliferative Disorders/*genetics ; Polycythemia Vera/genetics ; Primary Myelofibrosis/genetics ; Proteins/*genetics ; Thrombocythemia, Essential/genetics

No abstract available.
Adolescent ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Gene Rearrangement ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/*genetics ; Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*genetics