Many specific therapeutic antibody drugs have been developed for different indications. In drug development, it has been found that the antibody isotype framework can not only affect the physical and chemical properties of therapeutic antibodies, but also influence the activity and therapeutic effect. As a result, IgG isotype selection should be considered carefully in antibody drug development strategies. Because of the unique biological characteristics, IgG4 isotype has been used in some therapeutic antibodies for which effector functions are not desired. In order to provide new ideas for the development of antibody drugs, the research and application progress of IgG4 isotype in therapeutic antibody drug development has been reviewed.
Drug Design ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; chemistry ; pharmacology

Objective To evaluate the contrast enhanced CT manifestations of lymphoma involving cervical lymph node and to compare with features of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Methods CT findings of cervical lymph node were reviewed in 56 patients (male 44, female 12; age: 9-75 year, median 42 year) with untreated lymphoma and 66 patients (male 51, female 15; age: 16-76 year, median 48 year) with squamous cell carcinoma. Four patterns of enhanced nodes were identified: Type I: homogeneous enhancement with an attenuation equal or similar to that of muscle. Type Ⅱ: heterogeneous enhancement with an attenuation much higher than that of muscle. Type Ⅲ: central low density with peripheral enhancement. The enhanced rim was thick and irregular (ⅢA), or thin and regular (ⅢB). Type Ⅳ: central soft tissue density with a very thin enhanced capsule. Results There were various manifestations of cervical nodes of malignant lymphoma, more than one type of abnormalities could be found simultaneously. Type I(47/56, 83.9%) and Type Ⅳ(15/56, 26 8%) were almost exclusively found in lymphoma. Type Ⅱ was more commonly seen in squamous cell carcinoma (31/66, 47%), but was rarely seen in lymphoma (8/56, 14 3%). Type Ⅲ can be seen in both of these disease entities (lymphoma 21/56, 37 5%; squamous cell carcinoma 52/66, 78 8%) , but was more common in squamous cell carcinoma ( P

Objective To analyze the change of surgical route and range of hysterectomy in the past 10 years.Methods From January 2000 to December 2010,the clinical data of patients with hysterectomy were analyzed retrospectively,including clinical features,surgical path and scope of operation.Results There were 1980 patients.The predominant reason for hysterectomy was leiomyomas (52.88％,1047/1980),adenomyosis (17.78％,352/1980),cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (12.17％,241/1980).The age of the patients with hysterectomy for abdominal,transvaginal and laparoscopic was (46.54 ± 7.35),(58.73 ± 10.49),(44.10 ±5.12) years.In 2000-2005,the proportion of abdominal,transvaginal and laparoscopic proportion were 81.78％ (615/752),8.64％ (65/752) and 9.57％ (72/752).In 2006-2010 were 64.50％ (792/1228),6.51％ (80/1228) and 28.99％ (356/1228).In 2006-2010,the proportion of abdominal significantly decreased and laparoscopic significantly rised compared with those in 2000-2005,there were statistically significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).In 2000-2005,unilateral and bilateral annex removal ratios were 15.43％ (116/752),12.23％ (92/752),in 2006-2010 were 8.63％ (106/1228),7.49％(92/1228).Unilateral and bilateral annex removal ratios in 2006-2010 were significantly lower than those in 2000-2005,there were statistically significant differences (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Over the past 10 years,hysterectomy route and range changed with the percentage of laparoscopic increasing,and concomitant unilateral or bilateral annex removal decreased.

Objective To improve the descriptions of health information network resources by analyzing the influen-cing factors of information retrieval.Methods The top 10 papers retrieved on 12 Websites in Chinese and English engines according their titles, keywords and descriptions in the HEAD file of HTML source code with 5 biomedical hot words as the search terms were comparatively analyzed and scored.Results The score of Websites in Chinese and English engines was higher than that of medical and health information network, the score of Chinese network information resources was higher than that of English network information resources .Conclusion The current de-scription of network health information resources is poor .Only by strengthening health information network con-struction and improving the description of health information resources , can more accurate health information be provided for the users.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the mechanism of gynecomastia and serum hormone levels ,as well as liver function in male patients with liver cirrhosis .Methods Forty‐six male patients with liver cirrhosis and gynecomastia were collected as gynecomastia group from March 2013 to March 2014 ,and at the same period seventy male patients with liver cirrhosis but without gynecomastia were studied as non‐gynecomastia group . The condition of mammogenesis and maximum of breast thickness were measured by bilateral breast ultrasound .Hormones including luteinizing hormone (LH) ,follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) , prolactin (PRL) ,estradiol (E2) ,progesterone (PRGE) ,and testosterone (T);liver function including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ,aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ,total bilirubin (TBil) and serum albumin (Alb);blood coagulation function including prothrombin time (PT) ,platelet count (PLT) were examined and the Child‐Pugh scores were calculated .t‐test was performed for results comparison between gynecomastia group and non‐gynecomastia groups .Chi‐square test was used to compare the difference in drinking rate between two groups . The patients of gynecomastia group and non‐gynecomastia group were further divided into Child‐Pugh Grade A ,B and C subgroups according to Child‐Pugh scores and the patients of gynecomastia group were divided into subgroups according etiology such as posthepatitic cirrhosis ,alcoholic liver cirrhosis and posthepatitic cirrhosis combined with alcoholc cirrhosis .Single factor analysis of variance was applied to compare the laboratory findings between subgroups ,and least‐significant difference mothod was used to further compared the differences between two subgroups .Results Among forty‐six male patients with liver cirrhosis and gynecomastia ,the mean thickness of breast was (7 .56 ± 2 .84) mm .All the differences of TBil ,Alb ,PT and Child‐Pugh score of Child‐Pugh grade patient were statistically significant between gynecomastia group and no gynecomastia group ((96 .72 ± 75 .86)μmol /L vs (60 .57 ± 54 .00)μmol /L ,(29 .12 ± 4 .90) g/L vs (33 .86 ± 6 .86) g/L ,(19 .06 ± 4 .76) s vs (15 .54 ± 2 .57) s ,11 .54 ± 0 .91 vs 10 .33 ± 0 .57 ,respectively ,t=2 .79 ,-4 .33 ,4 .58 ,2 .22 ,all P<0 .05) . The alcoholic drinking rate of gynecomastia group (74% (34/46) vs 53% (37/70)) increased ,and the difference was statistically significant compared with that of non‐gynecomastia group (χ2 =5 .183 , P<0 .05) .There was no statistically significant difference in E2 levels between gynecomastia group and non‐gynecomastia group (P>0 .05) .PRL and E2/T ratio ((404 .49 ± 297 .26) mU/L and 68 .74 ± 46 .37) were higher than those of non‐gynecomastia group ((279 .77 ± 111 .57) mU/L and 13 .60 ± 11 .55) ,and T was lower than that of non‐gynecomastia group ((7 .15 ± 5 .74) nmol/L vs (15 .46 ± 8 .53) nmol/L) ,and the differences were statistically significant (t=2 .72 ,7 .90、-6 .27;all P<0 .05) .Among patients with gynecomastia ,breast of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis was significantly thicker than that of patients with posthepatitic liver cirrhosis ((9 .25 ± 3 .59) mm vs (6 .67 ± 2 .48) mm) ,while the level of PRGE was lower than that of patients with posthepatitic liver cirrhosis ((0 .61 ± 0 .51 ) nmol/L vs (1 .49 ± 1 .47 ) nmol/L ) , and the differences were statistically significant (F= 3 .634 and 2 .674 ,both P< 0 .05) .Along with the severity of liver injury ,E2 level of gynecomastia group gradually increased ,however there was non‐statistically significant difference compared with non‐gynecomastia group (P>0 .05) .T level of gynecomastia group gradually decreased ,and those of Child‐Pugh B ,C subgroup ((8 .20 ± 7 .58) nmol/L and (4 .18 ± 3 .76) nmol/L) were siginificantly lower than that of Child‐Pugh A subgroup of non‐gynecomastia group ((17 .64 ± 9 .04) nmol/L ,F=9 .37 ,P<0 .05) .The E2/T levels of gynecomastic group gradually increased .There was significant difference in E2/T level between Child‐Pugh C subgroup of gynecomastia group (105 .49 ± 94 .42) and Child‐Pugh A grade subgroup of non‐gynecomastia group (11 .38 ± 9 .60 ,F=12 .57 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusions There are different degrees of sex hormone disorder in the serum of male patients with liver cirrhosis and gynecomastia which is more significant in PRL ,T and E2/T .T and E2/T level are correlated with the degree of liver functional impairment .Gynecomastia in alcoholic liver cirrhosis is more severe than that of posthepatitic liver cirrhosis .

Objective To investigate the prenatal diagnosis and prognosis of fetuses with mild ventriculomegaly in order to provide evidence for clinical consultation and treatment.Methods The data of 116 mothers with fetal ventriculomegaly who received prenatal care in Peking University First Hospital between January 1,2013 and May 31,2015 were retrospectively analyzed.All cases of fetal ventriculomegaly were found by ultrasound screening,and were subsequently diagnosed by ultrasound consultation as mild ventriculomegaly.The results of fetal cerebral MRI and invasive prenatal diagnosis were analyzed and the growth and development of babies were followed up by telephone using the Gesell developmental scale.All data was analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results Of the 88 cases of solitary ventriculomegaly,48 (54.5％) received karyotype analysis or screening,and only one case was found to be abnormal,which was an unbalanced translocation.Of the 83 mothers with normal delivery,only one infant (1.2％) showed retardation of intelligence and motor development.Of the 28 cases of non-solitary ventriculomegaly,17 (60.7％) received karyotype analysis or screening,and no abnormalities were found.Of the 18 mothers with normal delivery,only one infant showed retardation of growth and development,and was found to have brain hypoplasia before delivery by MRI with normal karyotype.Conclusions The rate of abnormal karyotype in mild vetriculomegaly is very low in this study.The width of the lateral ventricles is stable during pregnancy and the prognosis of infants is good.Thus,whether invasive prenatal diagnosis is necessary for all the fetuses with isolated mild ventriculomegaly remains to be confirmed.

Dental composite resin is a kind of material which has been widely used in dental restoration. Research has found that the influence of residual monomer on the material mechanical, chemical and biological properties cannot be ignored. This paper elaborates these harms of residual monomers. The effects of resin matrix, inorganic filler and initiating system, illumination, secondarily treatment on the degree of conversion were also analyzed. The paper also discusses the effective measures to increase the conversion, and offers theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of composite resin.
Acrylic Resins ; Composite Resins ; Humans ; Light ; Polymers ; Polyurethanes

Objective To evaluate the hearing effects in hearing impaired children using FM system .Methods The FM listening evaluation for children questionnaire was used to evaluate 27 cases with sensorineural hearing loss who were fitted hearing aids or cochlear implants ,or using FM system .The auditory skills of the patients were evaluated in four kinds of listening environments :quiet ,noise ,auditory only and distance by this questionnaire . Each question required a subjective score based on the child's response .The higher the scores the better the results . The age range of the participants was 3 .48~5 .50 .On an average ,their experience of using hearing instruments was 2 .56 ± 0 .97 years .Results With local microphones only ,the total score was 67 .55% ;in quiet situation ,the score was 85 .33% ;in noise ,the score was 60 .54% ;with visual only ,the score was 69 .58% and in distance ,the score was 69 .5% .With frequency modulated + microphone ,the total score was 84 .35% ,in quiet situation ,the score was 94 .89% ,in noise ,the score was 81 .35% ,with visual only ,the score was 83 .56% ,and in distance ,and the score was 83 .29% .The score of the subjects with hearing instruments only in quiet was significant higher than those of in noise and long distance without eye clue situation(F=49 .53 ,P<0 .05) .The score of the subjects was significant improved after using FM system (P<0 .05) .The score of the subjects with hearing instruments and FM system in quiet was also significant higher than those of in noise ,long distance ,without eye clue situation(F=24 . 80 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion FM system could improve the listening experience in hearing impaired children in a com‐plex environment .However ,processes and programs for preschool hearing impaired children should be further standardized and improved when fitting FM system ,as findings of variability in questionnaire performance .

Objective To study the influence of Rhizoma typhonii extract on the growth of glioma SHG-44 cells cultured invitro,and to explore the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of Rhizoma typhonii extract on the growth of glioma cells.Methods The SHG-44 cells were cultured and divided into blank control group and 8, 40, 200, 1 000μg·L-1 Rhizoma typhonii extract groups.The inhibitory effect of Rhizoma typhonii extract on the growth of glioma SHG-44 cells was measured by MTT assay. The secretion levels of Bax and caspase-3 proteins were examined by ELISA assay. The expression level of caspase-3 protein was examined by Western blotting method. Results Compared with blank control group, the inhibitory rates of the growth of SHG-44 cells in 200, 1 000μg·L-1 Rhizoma typhonii extract groups at 24 h,and 8,40,200,and 1 000μg·L-1 Rhizoma typhonii extract groups at 48 h were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The secretion levels of Bax and caspase-3 proteins in 40,200,and 1 000μg· L-1 Rhizoma typhonii extract groups at 48 h were increased compared with blank control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01 ). Compared with blank control group, the expression levels of caspase-3 protein in different doses of Rhizoma typhonii extract groups were increased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion Rhizoma Typhonii extract can inhibit the growth of cells through up-regulating the expression of Bax protein,increasing the expression level of caspase-3 protein and activating apoptosis pathway.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) manifestations by abdominal and transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography and the diagnosis of clinical pathological type.Methods Totally 110 cases of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in our hospital from August 2013 to February 2013 were selected as objects.The patients were examined by the abdominal color doppler and vaginal color doppler.The blood flow in the ovaries and the ovarian physical indexes were compared according to the different ultrasonography.The correlation between different ultrasonic diagnosis and the subtypes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome were analyzed.Results The difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05) for the peak blood flow (PSV) and end-stage blood flow velocity (EDV) in the ovary artery after vaginal color ultrasound and transabdominal ultrasound comparison.There was no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05) in the pulsation index (PI) and resistance index (RI).Transvaginal colour to exceed to the artery blood flow changes reflect more clear,transvaginal colour to exceed to the patients with ovarian physical indicators reflect more accurate,has significant difference compared with abdominal colour to exceed the significance (P ＜ O.05).There was a significant difference between the diagnosis of transvaginal color ultrasound diagnosis and the diagnosis of abdominal ultrasound (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Transvaginal colour to exceed more accurately reflect the change of ovarian blood flow and the physical index,safe,convenient,and more suitable for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome,can understand ovarian pathological physiology change at the same time,patients can clear follicle ovulation condition,identify patients with polycystic ovary syndrome classification,is helpful to clinical treatment of personalized adjustment.