Objective:To find out the characteristic topog ra phic distribution of the muscle spindles in human masseter.Methods: The muscle spindles of masseter on both sides of 5 human corpses fixed in for malin for more than 1 year were observed by histological technique and quantitat ively analyzed by picture analysis equipment.Results: The muscle spindles were maldistributed and the spindles were commonly clustered in some i ndividual portions,and the muscle spindles figures of the masseter were diversif orm,which were predominantly composed of the spindle simple and spindle complexe s. The spindle complexes in the deep portion was obviously more than that in the superficial. The muscle spindles in the muscle close to the temporomandibular j oint and muscle tendon in the deep portion were more than that in the other port ions.Conclusion:The distribution of muscle spindles in the masse ter is heterogeneous,muscle spindle density in the deep portion is greater than that in the superficial.

This article introduced the development and application effect appraisal of Microbial Engineering CAI courseware for bio-engineering specialization. The courseware focuses on knowledge system integrity, content-rich and gives prominence to the key points. Pictures, animation and video, and audio effects are also utilized appropriately to achieving stimulate students interest in learning and then improve teaching and learning performance. The courseware concentrates on core content of the course, such as fermentation parameters detection and automatic control, and fermentation equipments. The courseware was manufactured using the Powerpoint software. Animation was established with Flash 4 software and the scanning pattern was edited using Adobe photoshop. And chapters of the courseware were composed and administrated using Courseware Master Software. A two-year survey showed that 85% of students satisfied with this courseware.

Objective:To observe the anticaries effects of the vaccine gene pcDNA3- PAc against dental caries in BALB/c mice by different routes. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized with the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3- PAc by the submandibular gland- target injection,the quadriceps femoris injection and the intranasal irrigation respectively. All the mice were immunized two times. The immune interval was two weeks. Saliva and serum samples were collected respectively at 0, 1, 2, 4 weeks after immunization. The specific antibodies were detected by ELISA. Results:The specific antibodies were up at one week after immunization in different routes. The peak time of the antibodies level appeared at 4 weeks.The level of salivary specific anti- PAc IgA induced by submandibular gland- target injection and that of serum IgG induced by thigh bone muscle injection was the highest, respectively. The differences of antibodies level between in experiment groups and negative control group or vacant comparison group were significant(P<0.01). Conclusion: The vaccine gene pcDNA3- PAc effectively induce local mucosal immune response and systemic immune response.

Objective To establish the pharmacodynamic model of sevoflurane with bispectral index (BIS) as the effective index in pediatric patients.Methods Thirteen ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ pediatric patients,aged 4-9 yr,weighing 12-39 kg,undergoing non-cardiac surgery,were selected in the study.The pediatric patients sequentially inhaled 1％,5 ％ and 1％ sevoflurane via a face mask and each concentration was inhaled for 15 min.BIS value,HR,BP and SpO2 were automatically recorded every 10 s.Based on nonlinear mixed effect modeling,the population pharmacodynamic model of sevoflurane was established using NONMEM software.The effect of age on the pharmacodynamic parameters was evaluated using a stepwise forward addition then backward elimination modeling approach.The standard for model improvement was defined as a decrease in the value of the objective function by more than 3.84.Results Twelve pediatric patients,aged 4.0-8.5 yr,weighing 12.8-38.0 kg,with body height of 92-135 cm,were enrolled in this study and the data which were enrolled comprised 2964 effective concentration-time-BIS points.The model was not improved significantly with any covariates (age,body height,and body weight) introduced (P ＞ 0.05).The estimated parameters of the final pharmacodynamic model of sevoflurane were as follows:ke0 =O.516/min ; EC50 (BIS50) =2.11％ ; γ =2.46 ; E0 =74.6 ; EMAx =11.2.Conclusion The pharmacodynamic model of sevoflurane is successfully established with BIS as the effective index in pediatric patients,and the analysis for each parameter of the model indicates that the sensitivity to sevoflurane is lower,but the blood-brain equilibration time of the drug is shorter and the onset and recovery are faster in children than in adults.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of intravenously use of ambroxol in treatment of mechanical ventilator patients.Methods Meta-analysis was used.The Cochrane Library,PubMed,Elsevier (ScienceDirect),OVID series medical databases and domestic main databases were searched,the quality of included studies was evaluated by certain standards.The Review Manager 5.0 software was used for analysis.Results 14 studies were included,1 184 mechanical ventilation patients were involved.The Meta-analysis showed that there were significant differences between two groups in blood gas analysis,airway resistance and pressure and lung compliance.However,there were no differences between two groups in expectorant effect and VAP incidence.Conclusions Intravenously use of ambroxol in treatment of mechanical ventilator patients was effective.A large multi-center sample of high-quality clinical studies is needed to confirm the results.

Syndromes constitute a core aspect in the study of Chinese medicine, and research on the concept of syndromes is important to the study of the process of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is somewhat challenging to define a syndrome due to the complexity inherent in the subject, even with the assistance of the reductionism approach of modern medicine. Holistic and dynamic in nature and attaching much importance to functional changes, the newly emerging metabonomics is in many ways inline with the concepts of syndrome differentiation of pathological states in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, metabonomics has comparatively strong advantages in the very respect of revealing the natural laws of syndrome differentiation. By reviewing and analyzing the current research on the concept of syndromes and the application of metabonomic technology to exploring the essential core of syndrome differentiation, the authors illustrated the potential commonalities. This would also show the issues requiring attention between the study of syndromes and the metabonomic technology. In the meantime this study reflected the core problems in detail and put forward suggestions with regard to reaching solutions.

BACKGROUND: The conical telescopic crown denture has a better long-term effect on dentition defects of few remaining teeth than the traditional removable denture. However, there are few studies to analyze the application of these two kinds of repair methods using the finite element method. OBJECTIVE: To compare the stress distribution of the isolated abutment tooth repaired using the conical telescopic crown denture and traditional removable denture. METHODS: Two-dimensional images of the mandible and dentition in healthy adults were scanned by CT. Three-dimensional finite element models of conical telescopic crown denture and traditional removable denture were established in the mandible only with the bilateral canines. Under the same vertical and oblique loadings, the maximum equivalent stress of the abutment, periodontal membrane or edentulous alveolar ridge was compared between two repair methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the vertical and oblique loadings, the total stress of abutment and periodontal membrane in the traditional removable denture was higher than that in the conical telescopic crown denture and the stress in the corresponding ring was concentrated obviously; the total stress of edentulous alveolar ridge in the conical telescopic crown denture was slightly larger than that in the traditional removable denture, but the stress was wel -distributed and concentrated in a smal area. Under the oblique loading, the total stress of abutment, periodontal membrane and edentulous alveolar ridge was higher than that under the vertical loading in these two dentures, and the stress was concentrated in the periodontal membrane of lingual neck, but the total stress in the traditional removable denture was larger, with a wider concentration range. These findings indicate that the stress on the supporting tissue of conical telescopic crown denture is more evenly distributed within a smal er range than that of traditional removable denture, and the former is more fit for the health of abutment, periodontal tissues and edentulous alveolar ridge.

Objective To evaluate the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ) in cognitive dysfunction caused by chronic pain in rats.Methods The experiment was performed in 2 parts.In experiment Ⅰ,24 pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),m-AIP injected before sham operation group (group M-S),chronic sciatic nerve injury group (group N-C),and m-AIP injected before chronic constriction injury (CCI) group (group M-C).The sciatic nerve was only exposed but not ligated.Chronic pain was induced by CCI in N-C and M-C groups.The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 1％ pentobarbital sodium.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals.Normal saline 20 μ1 and m-AIP 20 μ/ were injected intrathecally at 15 min before sham operation in S and M-S groups,respectively,and at 15 min before CCI in N-C and M-C groups,respectively.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured before CCI and on 4,7,10,14,17,21 and 28 days after CCI.Step-through latency (STL) was measured before CCI and on 7,14,21 and 28 days after CCI.In experiment Ⅱ,18 pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:m-AIP injected after sham operation group (group C-N),control after CCI group (group C-N) and m-AIP injected after CCI group (group C-M).Group S-M received intrathecal injection of m-AIP 20 μl at 7 days after sham operation.Normal saline 20 μl and m-AIP 20 μ/ were injected intrathecally at 7 days after CCI in C-N and C-M groups,respectively.MWT,TWL and STL were measured before administration and at 2,4 and 8 h after administration.Results In experiment Ⅰ,compared with group S,MWT was significantly decreased at each time point after CCI,TWL was shortened at each time point after CCI and STL was shortened on 7,14 and 21 days after CCI in N-C group,and MWT was significandy decreased at each time point,TWL was shortened at each time point,and STL was shortened on 14 and 21 days after CCI in group M-C.Compared with group N-C,MWT was significantly increased on 4,7 and 10 days after CCI,TWL was prolonged on 4 and 7 days after CCI,and STL was prolonged on 7 days after CCI in group M-C.In experiment Ⅱ,compared with group S-M,MWT was significantly decreased,and TWL and STL were shortened at each time point after administration in C-N group,and TWL at 8 h after administration and STL at each time point after administration were shortened,MWT was decreased at 8 h after administration,and no significant change was found in MWT and TWL at 2 and 4 h after administration in group C-M Compared with group C-N,MWT was significantly increased,and TWL was prolonged at 2 and 4 h after administration,and no significant change was found in STL at each time point after administration in group C-M.Conclusion CaMK Ⅱ is involved in the development of cognitive dysfunction caused by chronic pain in rats.

Objective Through the research on relationship between achievement motive and personality traits,to provide the basis theory of personality attributes for selecting outstanding medical professional scientifically and effectively,and give some advice for improving medical education mode.Method The 310 medical staffs in sample hospital were treated as the research object in October 2015,who were randomly investigated with the big five personality questionnaire and achievement motivation scale,among of which,valid questionnaires were 290 copies leading to 93.5％ effective rate.SPSS 17.0 software was used to make t test,Chi-square analysis and correlation analysis for the data of the recover valid questionnaires.Result ①Personality traits of friendliness and rigor of the medical staffs of different gender exist statistically significant difference (t=-7.39,P=0.00;t=-8.28,P=0.00) and there were significant differences in the openness and rigor of medical staffs of different gender (P＜0.05).②The achievement motivation level of male medical staffs was higher than that of female (P=0.00),and there was no significant difference in achievement motivation among medical staffs.③The personality trait of neuroticism was negatively correlated with the pursuit of success and achievement motivation (correlation coefficient was-1.24),while the achievement motivation was positively related to extraversion and openness and the pursuit of success (the correlation coefficients were 1.51 and 1.53).Conclusion There is a significant correlation between personality traits and achievement motivation.The more extroverted personality medical staffs have,the more easy-going they are,and the more the pursuit of success oriented achievement motivation they have;and the higher the neurotic tendency individuals have,the more they incline to avoid failure of achievement motivation.

Objective To investigate the effects of GDNF-modified Schwann cells on the repair of sciatic nerve defects in rats. Methods Forty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: group A (nerve grafts, fabricated by extracellular gel and PLGA conduits, n=10), group B (Schwann cells and extracellular gel and PLGA conduits, n=10), group C (GDNF-modified Schwann cells and extracellular gel and PLGA conduits, n=10), and group D (autograft, n=10). Motoneuron conduction and morphology (including anatomical measures and ultrastructure) of the regenerated axons were investigated at 12 weeks postoperatively. Regeneration rate of the motoneuron in spinal cord was also evaluated by using HRP label technique. Results Higher rate of nerve regeneration or number of labeled motoneurons in spinal cord was observed using PLGA conduits seeded with GDNF enhanced expressing Schwann cells (group C) than that with PLGA conduits (group A) alone or PLGA conduits seeded with control Schwann cells (group B), but there was no significant difference as compared with that in the autograft group (group D). Conclusion These results suggest that using gene transfer techniques to increase neurotrophic factor expression in Schwann cells added to nerve grafts may be a promising method for improving nerve regeneration.