Objective The changing patterns of pathogenic isolates and antibiotic susceptibility in Chongqing's neonates between 2010 and 2015 were investigated for the purpose to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics and control of nosocomial infections.Methods The distribution of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility were analyzed.Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out using BD Phoenix 100 automated system and the conventional Kirby-Bauer method.The results were interpreted in accordance with the breakpoints of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results A total of 10 569 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated during the period,most of which were gram-negative bacteria (80.8 ％,8 540/10 569),primarily Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.3 ％),followed by Escherichia coli (16.7 ％),Acinetobacter baumanmii (9.9 ％),Enterobacter cloacae (8.6 ％) and Pseudornonas aeruginosa (3.3 ％).Gram-positive strains accounted for 14.1％ (1 490/10 569),mainly Staphylococcus aureus (7.8％),Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.2 ％),and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.8 ％).Imipenem and meropenem showed high activity against Enterobacteriaceae (＜ 10％ resistant),followed by P.aeruginosa (＞ 10 ％ resistant),and A.baumannii (＞20％ resistant).The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains was 8,4 ％ in K.pneumoniae and 2.9 ％ in E.coli isolates,No gram-positive isolates were resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin or linezolid.Conclusions K.pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated pathogen in the neonates treated in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.The prevalence of A.baumannii isolates is increasing.Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains are emerging.

AIM: To adopt the foam separation to get the best condition of the process about separation-purification sapindus-saponin. METHODS: The orthogonal experiments was used to analyse the results of the process. RESULTS: The best condition of the process was 2.5 g/L feed concentration,0.9 L/min gas flow rate,pH 4.8 and the temperature of 30 ℃.Under this condition,the yield,concentration ratio and purity of sapindus-saponin was 69.42%,2.48,and 67.78%,respectively. CONCLUSION: The process is very simple and practical,which provides a base for the application of natural sapindus-saponin.

Autophagy is an active research area in the biomedical field as its role has been identified in many physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, there is a growing demand to identify, quantify and manipulate the process accurately. Meanwhile, there is great interest in identifying compounds that modulate autophagy because they may have applications in the treatment of a variety of autophagy-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the current status of autophagy screening systems to facilitate identification of autophagy modulators.
Autophagy ; Humans

To investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of Mycelium of Hirsutella hepiali Chen et Shen (MHCS) on metabolic syndromes, free fatty acid and MHCS-treated hepatocytes were used for detecting autophagy-related LC3, p62 and lipid accumulation. Moreover, high fat diet fed mice were used to establish metabolic syndromes model. 50-weeks age mice were randomly divided into: control group, model group and MHCS group. At 80-weeks age, 15 mice were randomly chosen from each group separately for examining oral glucose tolerance, serum insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hepatic LC3, p62, p-NF-kappaB p65, NF-kappaB p65, IL-6 and CXCL-8. Moreover, insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated. Hepatic pathological changes, including vacuoles, lipids accumulation and fibrosis were observed. Remaining mice were fed with diet separately to 110 weeks-age for statistics of mortality. MHCS promoted autophagy of free fatty acid treated hepatocytes. Mice fed with high fat plus MHCS diet exhibited improved oral glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hepatic pathology, inflammation, mortality and activated autophagy. The protective effects of MHCS against metabolic syndroms might be through the activation of hepatic autophagy.
Animals ; Autophagy ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Hepatocytes ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hypocreales ; Insulin ; blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome ; etiology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Mycelium ; physiology ; Random Allocation ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism

Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)presents one of the serious public health challenges worldwide.Current treatment of chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is limited,and is composed of interferon and nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTI).Interferon is poorly tolerated and is only responsive in a small fraction of CHB patients and NRTIs often face the problem of emergence of drug resistance during long-term treatment.The current treatment of CHB earl be improved in several ways including genotyping mutations associated with drug resistance before treatment to guide the choice of NRTIs and suitable combinations among NRTIs and interferon.It is important to continue research in the identification of novel therapeutic targets in the life cycle of HBV or in the host immune system to stimulate the development of new antiviral agents and immunotherapies.Several antivirai agents targeting HBV entry,cecDNA,capsid formation,viral morphogenesis and virion secretion,as well as two therapeutic vaccines are currently being evaluated in preclinical studies or in clinical trials to assess their anti-HBV efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Frustration tolerance, affected by many factors, is a kind of ability that an individual can endure and overcome the adversity. This research would adopt group therapy, especially the experienced therapy. On the basis of helping clients rebuilt cognition, this research would make clients experience frustration by themselves, increase frustration experience and enhance the threshold value of frustration.OBJECTIVE: To observe the enhancing effect of group therapy on frustration tolerance of postgraduates. DESIGN : Self-control observation. SETTING: Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Jiangsu University. PARTICIPANTS; This experiment was conducted in Jiangsu University. A total of 1200 fresh postgraduates enrolled in 2005 from business administration, computer science and communication engineering, mechanical engineering, medical technology, automobile and traffic and chemistry and chemical engineering colleges were screened with "frustration tolerant questionnaires" from "perfect personality testing handbook". There were 19 questions in this questionnaire. All of these questions were negative, for example, you did not want to compete with others when you were behind others. There were A, B, C, D, E five scales for every question. The different answers will have different scores. A represented extremely coincidence, B represented slight coincidence, C represented unknown, D represented discrepancy, and E represented very discrepancy. Different answers corresponded to different scores. The total scores were given at last. The higher the scores were, the more severe the anxiety scale was. There were 70 postgraduates whose scores of frustration tolerant were below 50, the scores of the other 1 130 postgraduates were equal to or more than 50. Twenty-three students were sampled randomly, whose scores of frustration tolerance were below 50 as an experimental group. At the same time, 44 ones with scores of frustration tolerance over or equal to 50 were sampled as a control group. There were 67 postgraduates in the two groups.METHODS: Sixty-seven postgraduates were divided into 7 groups with 10 in each group according to gender, scores of frustration tolerant and different colleges. We adopted group therapy. Firstly, we chose language induction based on background music for hypnotherapy, and placed the clients at ease and into therapeutic state. After hypnosis, we developed a game "breaking ice" which would help clients understand each other and make a comfortable atmosphere. Next, we carried on the cognitive rebuilt to change the bad cognition of the students, and help them foster the right thought of frustration. Besides, we had an activity "blind looking for road" and a psychodrama and "beastly boss". During the treat ment of "blind looking for road", the students' eyes were blindfolded, and they walked through the campus to experience the hard life in blind. During the play of "beastly boss", one of them acted a boss, and other one acted an employee, then by turns. The story was that a boss scolded an employee in a rough manner, an employee explained, pled, but the boss went on inveighing. In order to avoid being fired, the employee had to chokes down. In the act, the students would taste the frustrated feeling when rebuked innocently, and thus the students would get experience of frustration and enhance their patience. After every activity, we divided them into small and big groups, then let them talk and share, to give utual study and promotion. In the process, we integrated all the approaches and organized them naturally to heighten the effect of the treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Comparison of mean scores of frustration tolerance before and after treatment. ② Comparison of mean scores of frustration tolerance before and after treatment among clients with different frustration toler ances.RESULTS: Sixty-seven questionnaires were handed out, and 57 effective questionnaires were collected in total by the end of treatment, and the other 10 questionnaires were invalid due to incomplete filling. Nineteen of effective questionnaires were from experimental group and 38 from control group. The total retrieved rate of questionnaires was 87.7％. The mean scores of frustration tolerance of involved 57 postgraduates before treatment were significantly higher than those after treatment [(54.4±8.90) points vs. (58.70±10.94) points, t =0.38, P ＜ 0.05). The mean scores of frustration tolerance of postgraduates with mean scores of frustration tolerance ＜ 50 points were significantly higher after treatment than before treatment (t =3.49, P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Group therapy, especially psychodrama and other frustration experience therapies can effectively enhance the frustration tolerance of clients.

2h.The shape of bacterium was changed by amikacin from sphero-rhabditiform to dolicho-rhabditiform,while by ceftriaxone changed from rhabditiform to long-chain-form or filament-form.Conclusion The capability of ceftriaxone-induced release of endotoxin from Escherichia coli is significantly stronger than that of amikacin,and the morphologic changes of bacteria caused by ceftriaxone were more significant.For clinical treatmentg of infectious diseases the first dosage of medication should increase to reach the effective bactericidal concentration but not the bacteriostasis concentration in order to receive better therapeutic effects.

Objective: To establish a female SPF BALB/c mouse model of antibiotic-associated intestinal microflora disturbance and analyze the effect of lactobacillus acidophilus.Methods: Female SPF BALB/c mice were treated with ceftriaxone in drinking water for five days,and followed by oral gavage of sodium chloride as natural recovery group or lactobacillus acidophilus(108CFU/mL) as therapeutic group.After seven days the intestinal microflora of the cecum content was abstracted and computed by plate counts and 16S rDNA-based PCR-DGGE method.Results: Plate counts indicated that the number of original bacterium lacticum and bacillus bifidus decreased significantly and enterococci proliferated abnormally after antibiotic treatment.After lactobacillus acidophilus treatment,the number of physiological bacteria and enterococci go back to normal levels.DGGE profile clearly indicated that the dominant bacteria changed and the bacterial diversity of intestinal microbiota was obviously decreased in the antibiotics treated group. Conclusion: Oral gavage of lactobacillus acidophilus has adjustment effect on Ceftriaxone induced intestinal microbiota disturbance.PCR-DGGE is a rapid、effective molecule method to reveal the whole microbiota status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence rate of the ampC gene and AmpC enzyme of gram-negative(G-) bacterium in children,to analyze drug resistance of produced AmpC enzyme and un-produced AmpC enzyme strain.METHO_DS: 4 022 clinical G-isolates collected from 2002 to 2004 were identified and tested using K-B method.Selection 108 ESBLs bacterium,the ampC genes were amplified by PCR using common primers to AmpC and the AmpC enzymes were tested using the enzymatic rough extraction cefoxitin three-dimensional test.The drug resistance of bacterium produced AmpC enzymes were compared with the ones without AmpC enzymes.RESULTS: In 108 G-bacterium,the ampC genes positive bacterium were 70 strain(accounting for 64.8%),and 7 bacterium produced AmpC enzymes(accounting for 6.5%) were detected.The drug resistance of bacterium produced AmpC enzymes to ceftazidime(CAZ),ceftriaxone(CRO),piperacillin(PIP),ampicillin(AMP),aztreonam(ATM) were 85.7%,85.7%,71.4%,79.4%,79.4% respectively.The drug resistance of bacterium non-produced AmpC enzymes to CRO,PIP,gentamicin,AMP,ATM were 50.8%,55.6%,55.6%,70.3%,54.0% respectively,the drug resistance of bacterium to imipenem were the lowest,lower to ciprofloxacin.CONCLUSIONS: Detection rate of ampC gene were higher than AmpC-producing enzymes strains obviously,whereas the drug resistance to antibiotic of AmpC-producing enzymes strains were higher than non-producing enzymes strains.

To investigate the effect of the anti-endotoxic part of Radix Isatidis on the expression of moesin mRNA in murine tissues induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the sample solution of F(022) part from Radix Isatidis was intraperitoneally administered to experimental mice, and the lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) were injected into the tail vein, and then the tissues of liver, kidney and spleen were colleted and cut into slices. The mRNA was detected by moesin mRNA hybridization in situ. The staining results were observed under microscope. It was found that moesin mRNA expression was increased in the tissues of liver, kidndy and spleen in mice treated with LPS, while in the mice pre-treated with F(022) part from Radix Isatidis, the LPS-induced moesin mRNA expressions in these tissues were inhibited in a dose-dependant manner. Our study showed that F(022) part from Radix Isatidis can inhibit the LPS-induced expression of moesin mRNA in the tissues of liver, kidney and spleen in mice.