OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the polygenic risks for various psychiatric disorders and clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, 285 children with ADHD and 107 healthy controls were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for parents, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Blood samples were collected for genetic data. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for various psychiatric disorders were calculated using the PRSice-2 software. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, the children with ADHD displayed significantly higher PRSs for ADHD, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05). In terms of daily-life executive function, ADHD-related PRS was significantly correlated with the working memory factor; panic disorder-related PRS was significantly correlated with the initiation factor; bipolar disorder-related PRS was significantly correlated with the shift factor; schizophrenia-related PRS was significantly correlated with the inhibition, emotional control, initiation, working memory, planning, organization, and monitoring factors (P<0.05). The PRS related to anxiety disorders was negatively correlated with total IQ and processing speed index (P<0.05). The PRS related to obsessive-compulsive disorder was negatively correlated with the processing speed index and positively correlated with the stop-signal reaction time index of the stop-signal task (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PRSs for various psychiatric disorders are closely correlated with the behavioral and cognitive characteristics in children with ADHD, which provides more insights into the heterogeneity of ADHD.
Humans ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics* ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Adolescent ; Mental Disorders/etiology* ; Executive Function ; Genetic Risk Score

Wuwei Ganlu, a formula for medicated bath, consists of medicinal materials of Ephedra sinica, Platycladus orientalis, Myricaria squamosa, Artemisia carvifolia, and Rhododendron anthopogonoides, which is effective in inducing perspiration, resisting inflammation, relieving pain, regulating yellow water disease, and activating blood circulation. On this basis, a variety of formulas for Tibetan medicated bath have been derived for the treatment of diseases in internal organs, joints, nerves, etc. Modern studies have confirmed that Wuwei Ganlu has a good therapeutic efficacy on knee osteoarthritis(KOA). The present study explored the mechanism of Wuwei Ganlu in treating KOA based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Firstly, the chemical components of Wuwei Ganlu were obtained through literature mining and database retrieval, and corresponding potential targets were predicted according to the BATMAN-TCM database. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was obtained after the potential targets were input into the STRING database. The network function modules were analyzed by the Molecular Complex Detection(MCODE) algorithm, and the functions of the modules were annotated to analyze the action mode of Wuwei Ganlu. Secondly, the related targets of KOA were collected through the DisGeNET database, and the overlapping targets were confirmed to analyze the mechanism of Wuwei Ganlu in treating KOA. Finally, the key targets were selected for molecular docking with the main components of Wuwei Ganlu to verify the component-target interaction. A total of 550 chemical components and 1 365 potential targets of Wuwei Ganlu were obtained. PPI analysis indicated that this formula could exert the effects of oxidation-reduction, inflammation resistance, bone absorption, bone mineralization, etc. Nineteen common targets were obtained from the intersection of potential targets of Wuwei Ganlu and KOA disease targets. It was found that the Wuwei Ganlu mainly acts on nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB), interleukin-1 beta(IL1β), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), IL6, IL1 receptor antagonist(IL1 RN), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2(PTGS2) to treat KOA. Among the 550 chemical components of Wuwei Ganlu, 252 potential active components were docked with TNF and 163 with PTGS2, indicating good binding of the components with potential key targets. The study preliminarily explored the mechanism of Wuwei Ganlu in treating KOA to provide a reference for the further development and utilization of Tibetan medicated bath that has been included in the UN Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Databases, Factual ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Osteoarthritis, Knee

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics of patients with different type of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease in order to study the effect of non-acid reflux on laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Methods: From January 2015 to January 2020, 349 inpatients or outpatients suspected of having laryngopharyngeal reflux underwent 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring (MII-pH). There were 303 male and 46 female patients, with an average age of 56.03 years old ranged from 25 to 81 years old. The reflux symptom index (RSI)and reflux findings score(RFS)were recorded before MII-pH monitoring. The number of acid reflux events and non-acid reflux events in hypopharynx were counted. It was defined mainly acid reflux type when the ratio of acid reflux to all reflux events was greater than 50%, mainly non-acid reflux type when the ratio of non-acid reflux to all reflux events was greater than 50%. The clinical characteristics of patients with different type of reflux were compared. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and multiple independent samples were compared between groups. The quantitative data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance, and the counting data were analyzed by chi-square test, the difference was statistically significant when P<0.05. Results: The 24-hour MII-pH showed that there were 90 patients with no reflux events, 51 patients with mainly acid reflux type, 198 patients with mainly non-acid reflux type and 10 patients with equal acid reflux events and non-acid reflux events. Statistics showed that the RSI(10.72±4.40), RFS(7.70±2.73) and the average number of reflux events(0) in the group without reflux events were significantly lower than those in patients with mainly acid reflux type (RSI 13.16±6.62,RFS 10.08±3.03,average number of reflux events 5.33±3.15,P<0.05) and mainly non-acid reflux type(RSI 13.25±5.54,RFS 8.81±2.54,average number of reflux events 7.93±5.26, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in RSI between the mainly non-acid reflux type group and the mainly acid reflux type group, but the RFS of the mainly non-acid reflux type group was significantly lower than that of the mainly acid reflux type group. The average number of reflux events in the mainly non-acid reflux group was significantly higher than that in the mainly acid reflux type group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results show that non-acid reflux plays a certain role in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, but the effect of acid reflux is greater.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Laryngopharyngeal Reflux/epidemiology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Respiratory System

Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Laryngopharyngeal Reflux/diagnosis* ; Respiratory System

Adolescent ; Adult ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Hazardous Substances ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; analysis ; prevention & control ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Young Adult

Objeetive To investigate the reliability,validity and clinical value of Chinese version of the reflux symptom index(RSI).Methods xThe Chinese version of RSI scale was used in ENT outpatient department.There were one hundred and seven patients,including thirty-five patients with common throat diseases (non-suspected) and seventy-two patients with clinically suspected throat reflux.All 107 patients were asked to complete the two scales one on the first-visiting and one after one week.Thirteen patients with common throat diseases (non-suspected) and forty-one with suspected throat reflux also received RSI testing.Among the thirty-four confirmed acid reflux disease patients,thirty patients received pharmaceutical treatments and self-performed post-RSI testing after three months.Results The RSI Scale internal reliability consistency included the test-retest reliability (0.715-0.971),discriminant validity and construct validity.RSI total targeting percentage was 66.7％,targeting percentage was 80.8％.Discriminant validity was confirmed using 2 independent samples Wilcoxon test,with RSI total score compared to Z =-3.266,P =0.001.The before and after treatment self-control chi-square test (P ＜ 0.05),the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion RSI Simplified Chinese version has good rcliability and validity,and can be used for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) diagnostic screening along with the efficacy for the treatment of patients with appropriate LPRD aids.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the influence of ethylbenzene on the neurobehavior of occupationally exposed workers.

METHODSThe exposure group consisted of 246 workers occupationally exposed to ethylbenzene and 172 staffs from the offices served as controls. The basic information on ethylbenzene exposure was collected by the questionnaire. The nervous behavior and function of workers were evaluated by Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NCTB).

RESULTSThere were no differences of the scores for four emotional states (tension, depression, angry and bewilderment) between exposure group and control group (P > 0.05). The score of emotion (vigor) in exposure group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05), but the fatigue score in exposure group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). The score of mean reaction time in exposure group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05), the scores of digital span, manual dexterity, visual retention and target tracking in exposure group were significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05). The exposure group was divided into 5 sub-groups, according to working duration. There were no differences for the scores of visual retention and target tracking among 5 sub-groups (P > 0.05). The scores of five emotional states (tension, depression, angry, fatigue and bewilderment) in 3 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 ∼, 4 ∼ and 5 ∼ years were significantly higher than those in 2 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 0 ∼ and 2 ∼ years (P < 0.05). The scores of digital span in 2 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 ∼ or 4 ∼ years and the scores of manual dexterity and digital symbol in 3 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 ∼, 4 ∼ and 5 ∼ years were significantly lower than those in 2 sub-groups exposed to ethylbenzene for 0 ∼ and 2 ∼ years (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEthylbenzene can depress the neurobehavioral functions of exposed workers. The neurobehavioral functions of workers exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 years changed significantly. The workers exposed to ethylbenzene for 3 years may be the susceptible population of neurobehavioral function impairment.

Adult ; Benzene Derivatives ; adverse effects ; Control Groups ; Emotions ; drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; Psychometrics ; Reaction Time ; drug effects ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of occupational ethylbenzene exposure on blood neurotransmitter levels in population.

METHODSThe exposure group consisted of 246 workers occupationally exposed to ethylbenzene and the control group was composed of 122 staffs from the offices. The basic information on ethylbenzene exposure was collected by the questionnaire. The mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) in the post-working urine were measured using the high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity were detected by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, spectrofluorometry and DTNB method, respectively. The blood biochemical indexes: alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBIL) were examined. Also the hematologic indexes: red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet (PLT) were determined.

RESULTSThe levels of MA, PGA and MA+PGA of urine in the exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences of the biochemical indexes (AST, ALT, TP, ALB, BUN, Cr, ALP and TBIL), hematologic indexes (WBC, RBC, Hb and PLT) and serum GABA between the exposure group and the control group (P > 0.05). But the serum DA [(0.21 ± 0.011) mg/L] and AChE levels [(0.321 ± 0.066) U/L] in the exposure group were significantly lower than those in the control group [(0.25 ± 0.015) mg/L, (0.583 ± 0.125) U/L], respectively (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONMA and PGA in urine can serve as the biomarkers of internal exposure dose. Before the obvious changes of biochemical indexes and hematologic indexes appear, the exposure to ethylbenzene can influence the blood neurotransmitter levels in workers exposed to ethylbenzene.

Adult ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; analysis ; Benzene Derivatives ; analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; blood ; Occupational Exposure ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; blood

BACKGROUNDCurrently, whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children is still a matter of discussion. The relatively recent application of an eye-tracking paradigm may offer an opportunity to address this issue. In China, in comparison with reading studies, there have not been nearly as many eye movement studies dealing with nonreading tasks such as picture identification and whether Chinese children with dyslexia have a picture processing deficit is not clear. The purposes of the present study were to determine whether or not there is visuospatial impairments in Chinese dyslexic children. Moreover, we attempted to discuss whether or not the abnormal eye movement pattern that dyslexic subjects show during reading of text appropriate for their age is a consequence of their linguistic difficulties.

METHODSAn eye-link II High-Speed Eye Tracker was used to track the series of eye-movement of 19 Chinese dyslexic children and 19 Chinese normal children. All of the subjects were presented with three pictures for this eye-tracking task and 6 relative eye-movement parameters, first fixation duration, average fixation duration, average saccade amplitude, mean saccade distance, fixation frequency and saccade frequency were recorded for analysis.

RESULTSAnalyzing the relative parameter among three pictures, except for the fixation frequency and the saccade frequency, other eye-movement parameters were significantly different among the three pictures (P<0.05). Among the three pictures, the first fixation duration was longer, and the average fixation duration, the average saccade amplitude and the mean saccade distance were shorter from picture 2 to picture 3. Comparing all eye-movement parameter between the two groups, the scores of average saccade amplitude (P=0.017) and the mean saccade distance (P=0.02) were less in the dyslexia group than in the normal group (P<0.05), other parameters were the same in the two different groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe characteristics of the pictures can significantly influence the visuospatial cognitive processing capability of the Chinese children. There is a detectable disability for the Chinese dyslexic children in the visuospatial cognitive processing: their saccade amplitude and mean saccade distance are shorter, which may be interpreted as specific for their reading disability.

Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Dyslexia ; physiopathology ; psychology ; Eye Movements ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Saccades

China ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Pharyngeal Diseases ; Tracheal Diseases