Objective To assess the courses of evidence-based medicine among graduate students. Methods A sample of 118 graduate students who took the course were surveyed twice by using the same self-designed questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the course.Pre-post comparison was conducted to measure the impact. Results The students were able to grasp the most of the contents of the course,and reshaped their opinions on evidence-based medicine,with which,a positive impact on their medical practice was expected. Conclusion The course of evidence-based medicine for graduate students has resulted in a positive consequence.

Objectives To understand current status of the admission and treatment for the patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in central hospitals of Shanghai area,and to evaluate the severity of patients admitted to the hospital with CAP by the criteria set in the Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment for CAP developed by the Chinese Medical Association in 2006 and provide evidence for its popularization and application throughout the country.Methods Medical records of 137 patients with CAP admitted to the hospital from January 1,2005 to September 30,2006 were retrospectively studied and analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software.Chi-square test and ANOVA were used to evaluate the severity of the patients with CAP by the criteria set in the Guidelines and to correlate it with pneumonia severity index (PSI).Statistical analysis was performed for the difference between length of hospitalization,cost,length of intravenous use of antibiotics,the number of risk factors,and fatality during hospitalization between three groups of patients categorized based on the severity criteria in the Guidelines.Results There existed a good relationship between the criteria for severity of CAP by the Guidelines and PSI,with a Pearson's coefficient of correlation of 0.577,P

The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in thymus of female BALB/c mice at different ages was investigated. The results showed that the expression of ER in thymus was increased from 1 to 8 weeks after birth. ER positive cells were thymic epithelial cells and thymocytes. ER existed not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus.

Background It is well known that tissue factor (TF) is expressed in tumor cells and neovascular endothelial cells of tumor.It plays an important role in the formation of new blood vessels as well as the growth and metastasis of tumor.However,whether TF is expressed or not in choroidal melanoma(CM)is unclear.Objective This study is to investigate the expression of TF in a choroidal melanoma cell line and human choroidal melanoma.Methods The expression of TF was studied in the optimal choroidal melanoma-1 (OCM-1) cell line and ten specimens from CM patients using immunhistochemistry.Ten normal eye specimens from donators were used as controls.Results The TF protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm.It is over-expressed in OCM-1 cells with positive rate of 85.33±5.47%.Hyper-expression of TF also was found in human choroidal melanoma with a positive rate of 41.60±14.17%.The integrated optical density (IOD) of positive cells in CM was 33853.67±16445.30,and only 5.65±4.26% of positive cells was found in normal human choroidal tissue.The IOD of TF expression in normal human choroidal tissue was 426.43±316.62.Conclusion The overexpression of TF in CM cells may be a new immunotherapy target for CM treatment.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of kaempferol in Kaempferia galanga. METH-ODS:HPLC was performed on the column of Diamonsil ODS2 C18 with mobile phase of methanol-0.4% Phosphoric acid solution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min,detection wavelength was 367 nm,column temperature was 30℃,and injection volume was 10 μl. RE-SULTS:The linear range of kaempferol was 0.001 58-0.158 mg/ml;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were low-er than 3%;recovery was 95.52%-99.32%(RSD=1.47%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,accurate and reproduc-ible,and can be used for the content determination of kaempferol in K. galanga.

Actins ; metabolism ; Female ; Glomus Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Skin Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Thigh ; Vimentin ; metabolism ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the effect of exercise preconditioning on the expression of nerve growth factor(NGF) and its receptor TrkA as well as learning-and-memory abilities in rats suffered from focal cerebral ischemia.Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham-MCAO,n=12),focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (MCAO,n=12) and exercise preconditioning + cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (EX+MCAO,n=12).Rats in EX+MCAO group were placed in the treadmill device and accepted 4 weeks exercise training.Then method of middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied to prepare transient focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model.Garcia's method was used to assess the neural function in rats.Western blotting was applied to test the expression of NGF and TrkA protein in the successfully established experimental MCAO rats.Morris water maze experiment was uti lized to test the learning-and-memory abilities of the rats.Results (1) Compared with Sham-MCAO group,the expression of NGF in rats' brain tissue was lower in MCAO group (cerebral ischemia 1h reperfusion 24h) (P＜0.05).The expression of NGF of EX+MCAO group was higher than that of MCAO group,but still lower than that of Sham-MCAO group (P＜0.05).(2)The expression of TrkA in rats' brain tissue was higher in MCAO group compared with Sham-MCAO group (P＜0.05).Compared with MCAO group,the expression of TrkA was even higher in EX+MCAO group (P＜0.05).(3)On the fifth day in the Morris water maze test,the latency of MCAO group was significantly longer than that of Sham-MCAO group((9.36± 1.18)s vs (4.86± 1.52) s,P＜0.05).However,compared with MCAO group,the latency in EX+MCAO group ((6.02± 1.04) s) was shorter,but still longer than Sham-MCAO group (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference among the three groups in the average swimming speed (P＞0.05).Conclusion Exercise preconditioning can up-regulate the expressions of NGF and TrkA protein,which can also improve the learning-and-memory abilities in rats suffered from focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of ketamine injected via the radicular arteries on spinal cord. Methods Twenty healthy mongrel dogs of both sexes weighing 12-18 kg were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n = 10 each): control group (group C) and ketamine group (group K). The animals were anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital 30-35 mg/kg, fentanyl 50-100 μg and vecuronium 0.2 mg/kg and maintained with propofol ically ventilated after tracheal intubation. A catheter was inserted into T8 poster intercostal artery and advanced toward the opening of radicular artery which supplies the spinal cord. Ketamine 100 mg (in 2 ml of normal saline)was injected via the catheter in group K. Three hours after ketamine administration, the animals were sacrificed. A 1.5 cm long segment of spinal cord at the level of T8 was removed for microscopic examination and determination of the expression of NSE, S100β and Tau protein by immuno-histochemistry. Results There was no significant difference in the number of Nissl' s staining-negative neuronal cells and the expression of NSE, S100β and Tau protein in the spinal cord between the 2 groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusion Ketamine injected via the radicular arteries does not induce spinal cord injury.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of estrogen receptors (ER) in spleen of female BALB/c mice after injected with diethylstilbestrol (DES) beginning in neonatal period. Methods Neonatal female BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously on cervix-backside with DES within 24 hours after birth at intervals of 24 hours for 5 times. Control groups were injected with olive oil with the same method. Mice were killed on 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 35 days and 49 days after birth separately, the spleen was taken out, imbedded with paraffin and sectioned serially in 5??m. The expression of ER in slice of spleen was detected by immunohistochemistry technique. Results ER positive cells were present in both DES-injected groups and control groups. ER positive cells were mostly lymphocytes. A correlation between age and the intensity of positive reactions was showed in both groups. The intensity of ER immunohistochemistry positive reaction in DES group was much stronger than that in control group, and there was a significant statistic difference between the two groups. Conclusion The ER expression exists in spleen of female BALB/c mice and increases with the age of mice. The contact of DES in neonatal female BALB/c mice will lead to an increased ER expression in their spleens and this effect can continue to their manhood at least.

Objective To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of quercetin and kaempferol inKaempferia galanga L..Methods ODS2 C18 (5μm, 4.6 mm×150 mm) was used as chromatographic column; methanol-0.4% phosphate (47:53) was the mobile phase; the flow rate was 1 mL/min; column temperature was 30℃; the detection wavelength was 367 nm; the injection volume was 10μL.Results Quercetin showed good linear relationship in the range of 0.016 5–1.65μg (r=0.999 7). The average recovery rate was 96.8%, RSD=2.02%; kaempferol showed good linear relationship in the range of 0.014 6–1.46μg (r=0.999 5). The average recovery rate was 97.3%, RSD=1.77%.Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, and with good reproducibility, which can be used for content determination of quercetin and kaempferol inKaempferia galanga L..