Presbyopia is an age-related difficulty in reading because of the natural loss of accommodation that affects the majority of middle-aged individuals.Its mechanism is not identifiable,but presbyopia represents one of the major challenges facing refractive surgery today.The correcting methods include wearing of glasses,medicine or surgeries on cornea,sclera or lens,but no one can reverse the development of presbyopia.This article is an attempt to review the the research progression and correction methods of presbyopia.

3Rs principle;Biological products;Supervision;Laboratory animals Animal testing has always been an important part of the inspection and release of biological products including vaccines. In recent years,people have questioned the significance,requirements,methods and operations of animal testing by using animal method as the safety index of each batch of products. The principles of Replacement,Reduction and Refinement(3Rs for short)have been paid more and more attention since they were put forward. Based on the current situation of biological products supervision in China,this paper summarizes the application status of 3Rs principle in many national supervision systems,and the combing situation of using animals for testing in World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines on biological products by relevant experts in the world,aiming at promoting the implementation of 3Rs principle in quality control and batch release testing of biological products,and providing a reference for regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industry to revise relevant contents in China.

Brain Diseases ; etiology ; Brain Neoplasms ; surgery ; Glioma ; surgery ; Humans ; Infection ; etiology ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors

Child ; Humans ; Neoplasms

Objective To measure the expressions of TXNIP,STAMP2 and GATA3 in diabetes patients with breast cancer and to determine the changes of oxidative stress indexes before and after surgery.Methods The expression levels of TXNIP,STAMP2 and GATA3 mRNA in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were measured in 45 diabetes patients with breast cancer.The levels of serum oxidative stress indexes including MDA,MPO,SOD and TAC were detected and compared before and after surgery.Results The expressions of TXNIP,STAMP2 and GATA3 mRNA and their protein levels in cancer tissues were lower than those in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05).The positive expression rate of the three indexes were 60%,66.7% and 73.3%,higher than that of TXNIP protein with 2.2% in the adjacent normal tissues(P<0.05).The TXNIP,STAMP2 and GATA3 protein positive rate of breast cancer tissue were related to differentiation,lymph node metastasis and clinical grades (P<0.05).Serum MDA and MPO levels increased first and then decreased.SOD and TAC showed a trend of decrease first and then increase.The turning point is 6 d after surgery.Conclusion TXNIP,STAMP2,GATA3 and serum oxidative stress indicators may be the indicators for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in diabetes patients.

Objective:To improve the training quality of neurology clinical pharmacist. Methods:The experience during the training of neurology clinical pharmacists in recent ten years was summarized. Results:The students were taught in groups according to their majors and promoted in stages according to the teaching plans. Besides,various teaching methods were carried out timely. After tutored by the methods mentioned above,the students could quickly raise their working ability to play good roles of clinical pharmacist and work independently with more confidence. Conclusion:The training quality of neurology clinical pharmacists has been effectively improved by teaching in groups,promoting in stages and providing various teaching methods timely.

Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hepatic steatosis is very important for controlling the development and improving the prog-nosis of disease.This paper introduces the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP),a novel non -invasive method to quantitatively assess hepatic steatosis.This paper briefly describes the advantages of CAP compared with other methods for detecting hepatic steatosis:CAP is simple,fast,repeatable,and generally accepted by patients.CAP is of great value for early detection of fatty liver.Moreover,this paper re-views the optimal cut -off values of CAP for detection of fatty liver in different studies.CAP can be used to dynamically monitor the progres-sion and regression of fatty liver as a guide to clinical treatment.

Objective To establish the Valproate (VPA) exposure-induced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model at early pregnancy in rats,and to study the changes of social interaction test and neuroimmune system in autism model rats,and discuss the pathogenic mechanism.Methods Twelve-week-old rats were randomly divided into the non-exposed group (n =10) and the VPA-exposed group (n =10).Their babies were respectively just the normal control group (n =10) and the model group (n =10).The autism-like social behavior was evaluated via the social interaction test.The level of interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-4,IL-6,interferon-gamma (IFN-γ),transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in mothers and offspring were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The histopathological damage in brain was observed with immunohistochemical staining.Results The score of social interaction test in the model group [(-163.16 ± 101.92) scores]was lower than that in the normal control group [(132.73 ± 114.63) scores] (t =-6.100,P ＜ 0.05).The levels of IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ in VPA-exposed group were higher than those in the non-exposed group (t =5.883,6.394,5.655,5.393,all P ＜ 0.05),while the level of TGF-β was lower than that in the non-exposed group (t =-6.726,P ＜ 0.05).The levels of IL-1β,IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ in the model group were higher than those in the normal control group(t =3.058,3.048,6.670,5.486,all P ＜ 0.05),while the level of TGF-β was lower than that in the normal control group (t =-6.516,P ＜ 0.05).The change trend of the level of cytokines in the serum of ASD model rats was similar to the change trend of the level of cytokines in the serum of VPA exposed rats.The result of social interaction test the approach-avoidance score was inversely correlated with the levels of IL-1β and IL-4 (r =-0.802,-0.781,all P ＜ 0.05).The result of immunohistochemical staining showed the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) in the model group were higher than those in the normal control group.Conclusions The main neuroimmunological pathogenesis mechanism can be explained as follows:at early pregnancy,the maternal cytokines skewing influenced by VPA exposure can make immune activation,induce immune system dysfunction and affect the brain growth and development,which result in autism-like behavior in offspring.

Objective To summarize and classify the CT manifestations of chest wall tuberculosis and to investigate the relationship between CT classification and clinical operation method.Methods CT data of 142cases was collected from patients that were confirmed by surgical pathology of chest wall tuberculosis.Bone algorithm reconstruction and volume rendring three-dimensional reconstruction were applied to observe ribs.Results Four types were classified according to the CT manifestations.Type Ⅰ:27 cases pleural tuberculoma,and all of which were conducted simple removal of lesions.Type Ⅱ:18 cases sternum or ribs tuberculosis,which were conducted surgical removal of the invaded frame and the surrounding lesions in caseous necrosis and all the tuberculous granuloma.Type Ⅲ:21 cases rib outboard tuberculosis,of which 12 cases were conducted simple removal of lesions and 9 cases removal of lesions and small segment of ribs.Type Ⅳ:76 cases hybrid,of which abscess excision plus rib resection in 65 cases and resection with chest wall abscess (muscle) between ribs and rib resection with padded muscle flap surgery in 11 cases.Conclusions CT can clearly show the location,size,scope of involvement of the chest wall tuberculosis,and selecting the preoperative surgical strategy based on CT classification can provide guidance for operation.

To investigate the cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induced by berberine a-hydroxy f-decanoylethyl sulfonate (HB) on MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro, and the inhibitory effect of HB on the expression of poly adenosine diphosphate RNA polymerase (PARP), MTT assay was used to detect the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells and cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The results showed that HB could significantly inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells, and mildly arrested cell cycle progression at S phase. The IC50S for 24, 48 and 72 h treatment were 4.65, 1.46 and 0.75 mg.L-1 (7.55, 2.37 and 1.22 micromol.L-1), respectively. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay showed that HB increased apoptotic ratio of MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting analysis showed the expressions of procaspase-3, procaspase-9 and PARP were decreased after HB treatment, while their fragment increased. The results suggest that HB can inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, which may be associated with inhibition of the expression of procaspase-3, procaspase-9 and PARP.