Snake antivenomimmunoglobulins are considered to be the most efficient drugs in snake envenomings. Most snake antivenomimmunoglobulins all over the world are still prepared by fragmentation of polyclonal antibodies isolated from hyper-immunized horse serum till now. In this review, we retrospect the history of snake antivenomimmunoglobulins, analysis the present situation and pay the close attention on the key technological links in the process of research and manufacturing, such as properties of IgG and its fragments, selection and preparation of immunogen, optimization of immunization schedule and protein isolation and purification, which can be available for the reference in the research and development of snake antivenom.
Animals ; Antivenins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; pharmacology ; Snake Bites ; drug therapy ; Snakes

Congresses as Topic ; Laryngeal Diseases ; Otolaryngology ; Pediatrics ; Pharyngeal Diseases

Objective To explore methods of quickly identifying loopholes in medical quality management and to improve medical quality by means of analyzing low-risk death cases.Methods Two rounds of analysis of 1 14 low-risk death cases of hospitals in Beijing in 2012 in terms of data quality and medical procedures,in an effort to identify problems and to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the method through interaction with other data.Results Totally 585 760 inpatients were discharged in 2012 from 21 hospitals,of whom 1 5 1 1 93 being low-risk cases.Such cases included 1 14 low-risk death cases, accounting for 0.01 9% of the total discharged,and 0.075% of low-risk discharged cases.Analysis of these medical records found 50 cases of problematic diagnosis (43.86%),45 cases of possible defects in diagnosis and treatment (39.47%),39 cases of missing items of secondary diagnosis (34.21%),and 28 cases of missing items of surgery/operation (24.56%). Some of the abovementioned cases had overlapping mistakes.Conclusion Analysis of low-risk death cases can help focus among massive data of medical records,problems of diagnostic and therapeutic insufficiency,pinpointing common problems in medical service and improving medical quality and fine management of hospitals.

Expression of cytokeratin19(CK19)mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in bone marrow and integrin α_vβ_3 was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC streptavidin-biotinperoxidase SP)in breast tissue from 62 breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.Out of 62 patients 15cases(24%)presented positive CK19,in which all had positive integrin α_vβ_3;36 cases(58%)presented positive integrinα_vβ_3.Two markers were positively correlated with each other(kappa=0.6839,P＜0.05),and correlated with the size of tumor(P＜0.01).The results indicate that combined detection of CK19 in bone marrow and integrin α_vβ_3 in cancer tissues may be helpful for guiding therapy and estimating prognosis in breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.

Objective: To study the in vitro inhibitory effect of methyl haematommate (a new bioactive compound in Usnea), on the Xuanwei lung cancer cell line (XWLC-05), Hepato carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and investigate its mechanism. Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of methyl haematommate on the three cancer cell lines at different concentration (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL). Cell cycle of HepG2 was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and microarray assay was used to identify the differentially expressed gene profiles in MCF-7. Results: MTT results showed that methyl haematommate could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. IC50 values of the compound were 8.818, 11.905, and 13.328 μg/mL in XWLC, HepG2, and MCF-7 respectively. Cell cycle analysis indicated that methyl haematommate could arrest cancer cells at G0/G1. Totally 2 394 mRNAs were significantly regulated by the compound in MCF-7 (fold change ≥ 1.5, P < 0.05), of which 789 were up-regulated and 1 605 were down-regulated. Conclusion: Methyl haematommate is isolated from Usnea diffracta for the first time, and it shows inhibitory effects on hunman cancer cell lines in vitro. MAPK pathway and G0/G1 arrest might contribute to the anticancer effects of methyl hematommate.

OBJECTIVETo improve data unified descriptions, identification, query and management in public health service by means of establishing public health information classification framework and coding system.

METHODSData sets created from all fields in public health, scientific research, health management were classified into four layers of frameworks primary class, sub-class, main class and subject areas by means of integration of vertical with horizontal classifications. All these classes were further abstracted, merged and coded by individual characteristics in public health systems.

RESULTS(1) 4 subject areas in diseases control and prevention, public health service, public health management and sanitation surveillance were established including a total of 18 main classes, 49 sub-classes and 205 primary classes. (2) 7 digits and 4 segments (area code, code, disease classification code) were designed including a total of 30 digits multi-classification codes. The purpose of data effectively classifying and coding by application of 50 basic data sets in 9 areas fo public health has been realized.

CONCLUSIONWe believe that this method is of efficiency in data classification and code for public health information communication.

China ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Pharyngeal Diseases ; Tracheal Diseases

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria of migraine in children.Methods The migraine cli-nical characteristics of patients that consistent with the chronic headache diagnostic criteria, excluding other diseases,were analyzed.ICHD-Ⅱ childhood migraine diagnostic criteria was used as gold standard to explore the migraine diagnostic criteria in children.Results 1.In 346 patients, 157 fitted ICHD-Ⅱchildhood migraine diagnostic criteria.2.Type of migraine: probable migraine was the most common(68.8%), the most commonly unfulfilled criterion was associated gastroenteritis symptoms; migraine without aura was the second (19.7%).3.The migraine diagnostic criteria: the most important single-variable was headache associated symptoms,with sensitivity of 70.7%,specificity of 83.6%,the positive predictive value(PPV) was 78.2%,positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 4.31 and area under curve(AUC) was 0.771.The most important three-variables was headache duration of 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms, with the sensitivity of 52.2%,specificity of 96.2%,the PPV was 90.1%, the PLR was 13.7 and the AUC was 0. 657.Conclusions The most important single-variable is headache associated symptoms,the most important three-variables are headache duration 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms.

Andrographis paniculata from different parts and origins were analyzed by UPLC-PDA fingerprint to provide refererice for related preparation technology. Using the peak of andrographolide as reference, 27 common peaks were identified, and digitized UPLC-PDA fingerprints for 23 batches of andrographis paniculata were established in this research. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out after feature extraction. The contents of andrographolide, neoandrographolide, deoxyandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide were determined by external standard method. The Plackett-Burman design combined with pareto chart was used to analyze the factors influencing the robustness of the method. It was found that the medicinal part has a more remarkable influence on the quality of andrographis paniculata than the origin. The contents of the 4 lactones the differ greatly in the different parts of andrographis paniculata, and the pH of the mobile phase is an important factor that influenced the robustness of the method.
Andrographis ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Diterpenes ; analysis ; Drug Stability ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes ; analysis

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; physiopathology ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; virology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; blood ; physiopathology ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods