Snake antivenomimmunoglobulins are considered to be the most efficient drugs in snake envenomings. Most snake antivenomimmunoglobulins all over the world are still prepared by fragmentation of polyclonal antibodies isolated from hyper-immunized horse serum till now. In this review, we retrospect the history of snake antivenomimmunoglobulins, analysis the present situation and pay the close attention on the key technological links in the process of research and manufacturing, such as properties of IgG and its fragments, selection and preparation of immunogen, optimization of immunization schedule and protein isolation and purification, which can be available for the reference in the research and development of snake antivenom.
Animals ; Antivenins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; pharmacology ; Snake Bites ; drug therapy ; Snakes

Expression of cytokeratin19(CK19)mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in bone marrow and integrin α_vβ_3 was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC streptavidin-biotinperoxidase SP)in breast tissue from 62 breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.Out of 62 patients 15cases(24%)presented positive CK19,in which all had positive integrin α_vβ_3;36 cases(58%)presented positive integrinα_vβ_3.Two markers were positively correlated with each other(kappa=0.6839,P＜0.05),and correlated with the size of tumor(P＜0.01).The results indicate that combined detection of CK19 in bone marrow and integrin α_vβ_3 in cancer tissues may be helpful for guiding therapy and estimating prognosis in breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph nodes.

Objective To explore methods of quickly identifying loopholes in medical quality management and to improve medical quality by means of analyzing low-risk death cases.Methods Two rounds of analysis of 1 14 low-risk death cases of hospitals in Beijing in 2012 in terms of data quality and medical procedures,in an effort to identify problems and to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the method through interaction with other data.Results Totally 585 760 inpatients were discharged in 2012 from 21 hospitals,of whom 1 5 1 1 93 being low-risk cases.Such cases included 1 14 low-risk death cases, accounting for 0.01 9% of the total discharged,and 0.075% of low-risk discharged cases.Analysis of these medical records found 50 cases of problematic diagnosis (43.86%),45 cases of possible defects in diagnosis and treatment (39.47%),39 cases of missing items of secondary diagnosis (34.21%),and 28 cases of missing items of surgery/operation (24.56%). Some of the abovementioned cases had overlapping mistakes.Conclusion Analysis of low-risk death cases can help focus among massive data of medical records,problems of diagnostic and therapeutic insufficiency,pinpointing common problems in medical service and improving medical quality and fine management of hospitals.

Congresses as Topic ; Laryngeal Diseases ; Otolaryngology ; Pediatrics ; Pharyngeal Diseases

Objective: To study the in vitro inhibitory effect of methyl haematommate (a new bioactive compound in Usnea), on the Xuanwei lung cancer cell line (XWLC-05), Hepato carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and investigate its mechanism. Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of methyl haematommate on the three cancer cell lines at different concentration (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL). Cell cycle of HepG2 was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and microarray assay was used to identify the differentially expressed gene profiles in MCF-7. Results: MTT results showed that methyl haematommate could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and the inhibition was concentration-dependent. IC50 values of the compound were 8.818, 11.905, and 13.328 μg/mL in XWLC, HepG2, and MCF-7 respectively. Cell cycle analysis indicated that methyl haematommate could arrest cancer cells at G0/G1. Totally 2 394 mRNAs were significantly regulated by the compound in MCF-7 (fold change ≥ 1.5, P < 0.05), of which 789 were up-regulated and 1 605 were down-regulated. Conclusion: Methyl haematommate is isolated from Usnea diffracta for the first time, and it shows inhibitory effects on hunman cancer cell lines in vitro. MAPK pathway and G0/G1 arrest might contribute to the anticancer effects of methyl hematommate.

China ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Pharyngeal Diseases ; Tracheal Diseases

Objective To study the prevalence of the mtDNA A1555G gene mutation in Chinese population with nonsyndromic hearing impairment.Methods PCR-RFLP,directional sequencing of PCR products were applied in 325 patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment and 50 normal controls.Results The mutation rate of the mtDNA A1555G was 14.5% (47/325),28 of 47 cases were homozygosis,19 of 47 cases were heterozygosis.The same mutation was not detected in the control subjects.Conclusion The mutation rate of the mtDNA A1555G is relatively high in the Chinese NSHI patients,the mutation type includes both heterozygosis and homozygosis.

Fourteen psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from swamp soil collected in Ruoergai plateau wetland,and their generation time and degrading ability of livestock wastewater CODcr was determined.The results showed that the generation time was within 4.9 h to 11.6 h.Based on the generation time,9 psychro-trophic strains(NLJ1,NLJ6,NLJ7,NLJ9,NLJ10,NLJ11,NLJ12,NLJ13 and NLJ14),whose generation time was within 4.9 h to 5.6 h,were chosen to treat livestock wastewater.The results suggested that these 9 strains had different CODcr disposal ability when treating livestock wastewater singly at 6?C for 6 h,and strains NLJ6,NLJ7,NLJ9,NLJ10,NLJ11 and NLJ13 had good ability to degrade livestock wastewater,the CODcr degrading rate was about 60%~70%,hence,they were used as high efficient strains;However,the CODcr degrading rate of the other strains was less than 50%.After inoculating mixture culture of these six strains into the distilled livestock wastewater,after 6 h's treating,the CODcr degrading rate reached to 85.42%.Furthermore,activated sludge collected from Yaan,Dujiangyan and Chengdu were inoculated by the mixture culture of those six strains,and used to treat livestock wastewater for 6 h.The results showed that the average CODcr degrading rate was 81.67%,76.32% and 70.56%,respectively;Variance analysis showed that there was no significant differentiation between each treatment,which revealed that those six psychrotrophic strains had good adaptability to different source of activated sludge.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression and significance of Eotaxin and RANTES in the rat model of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHOD: 20 female SD rats in 6-7 weeks were randomly divided into control group and AR group (n = 10, respectively). AR rat model was made with ovalbumin stimulation. To detect pathological changes in mucosa and chemokine Eotaxin, RANTES in their nasal and lung tissues after execution. RESULT: Compared with the control group, Lung EOS cell counted higher in AR group and the difference was significant (P < 0.01); the AR rats nasal mucosa and lung tissue of Eotaxin, RANTES expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION There exist high expression of Eotaxin, RANTES, infiltration of eosinophils in nasal and lung tissue of model rats with allergic rhinitis, inferring that the upper and lower respiratory tract inflammatory response has obvious consistency.
Animals ; Chemokine CCL11 ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL5 ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Lung ; metabolism ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; metabolism

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria of migraine in children.Methods The migraine cli-nical characteristics of patients that consistent with the chronic headache diagnostic criteria, excluding other diseases,were analyzed.ICHD-Ⅱ childhood migraine diagnostic criteria was used as gold standard to explore the migraine diagnostic criteria in children.Results 1.In 346 patients, 157 fitted ICHD-Ⅱchildhood migraine diagnostic criteria.2.Type of migraine: probable migraine was the most common(68.8%), the most commonly unfulfilled criterion was associated gastroenteritis symptoms; migraine without aura was the second (19.7%).3.The migraine diagnostic criteria: the most important single-variable was headache associated symptoms,with sensitivity of 70.7%,specificity of 83.6%,the positive predictive value(PPV) was 78.2%,positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 4.31 and area under curve(AUC) was 0.771.The most important three-variables was headache duration of 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms, with the sensitivity of 52.2%,specificity of 96.2%,the PPV was 90.1%, the PLR was 13.7 and the AUC was 0. 657.Conclusions The most important single-variable is headache associated symptoms,the most important three-variables are headache duration 1-72 hours, moderate-severe headache and headache associated symptoms.