Objective:To understand the status quo of community care in Chongqing city in 2006. Methods:To know the basic state of community care by observation and data collection in 9 community health service centers and 18 service stations that located in urban area,we investigated 104 nurses and 62 patients in communities by questionnaire. Results:The average community nurses are older than hospital nurses;98% community nurses are below the university academic career;some service items such as home nursing,health care,rehabilitation nursing and hospitalpice are not totally completed;there are manifest differences in community service among nurses with different educational background and different professional titles(P﹤0.05). Conclusion:An alternate institution may be established between general hospitals and community health centers(station). The finance support to community medical and training of community nurse should be guaranteed and service range of community care should be expanded.

Objective To understand the comprehensive quality status of community nurses in Chongqing and seek the development strategy of community nursing education. Methods Related infor-marion was collected through questionnaire investigation in 104 community nurses from 9 community health service center and 18 community health station. Results The mastering degree of various community nursing knowledge was different among nurses with different education background and different profession-al titles (P ＜ 0.05).More than 80% nurses considered it necessary to cultivate comprehensive technique of special courses ,the ability to cope with community emergencies and self-development in their work.78.9% nurses thought they should reinforce the ability in predicting potential problems in community and solving problems by theirselves, Conclusions We need to strengthen the work belief of community nurses,perfect training conditions,optimize course contents and cultivate nurses' comprehensive ability purposely.

BACKGROUND: Excessive residue of dental calculus and dental plaque and scratch of Instruments on dental root surface will cause rough root surface, which will accelerate accumulation of dental calculus and dental plaque. Improved scaling can solve this problem, but the operation of ultrasonic subgingival scaling is not regular by some clinical physicians.OBJECTIVE: To study the effect on the root surfaces and the work efficacy following ultrasonic subgingival scaling with different output power and different parts of work tip.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The comparison observational study was performed at the Laboratory of Medical College of Qingdao University from March to May 2009.MATERIALS: Twenty root surfaces from ten teeth extracted for severe periodontal diseases were selected, and the volume of dental calculus was basically equal. Ex vivo teeth were obtained from two male patients aged 40-50 years.METHODS: Twenty root surfaces were randomly divided into group A or group B, the high power was set as "3" gear (group A), and the low power was set as "1" gear (group B), using the side (group A1 and B1) and the top (group A2 and B2) of work tip. The time for scaling was recorded and the surface feature of all the specimens was observed under scanning electron microscope(SEM).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in root surface structure were observed.RESULTS: The damage of root surfaces in groups A1 and B1 was less severe, while more in groups A2 and B2. There were less calculus and plaque residual on root surfaces in group A than in group B. Cementum exfoliation was observed in group A but not in group B. The operating time of group A was significantly shorter than that of group B (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between groups A1 and A2 or groups B1 and B2 (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Calculus and plaque can be cleaned more effectively and the damage is less severe by using the side of work tip. Although the calculus can be cleaned more rapidly by using higher power set, the damage is more severe.

BACKGROUND: Glass ionomer cement has been a commonly used filling matedal in the clinic. However, glass ionomer easily absorbs water and dissolves in early concretionary phase, which can reduce the leak tightness of the edge of obturator, resulting in slightly leakage. Therefore, protective agents are necessary following glass monomer filling. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of three protective agents (vaseline, cocoa butter, luminous paint) on edge closeness of glass ionomer cements. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The controlled observation study was performed at the Central Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Medical College, Qingdao University from July to October 2007. MATERIALS: Forty freshly block teeth were used. After cleaning the facing, a 5 mm×3 mm×2 mm cavity was made at 1/3 part near to buccal surface using a high speed turbine engine under water cooling. Tooth facing was coated twice with colorless nail-polish at1 mm from the cavity. Apical foramen was covered with rod wax sheet. Teeth were equally and randomly assigned into control group, vaseline group, cocoa butter group and luminous paint group. METHODS: Glass ionomer cement was filled into the cavity. The filling surfaces were respectively coated with vaseline, cocoa utter and luminous paint in each group. The control group was left intact. Hot-cold cycle test and microleakage test were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The depth from dye penetration into the cavity wall to filling was recorded. RESULTS: Microleakage to different degrees was observed in each group under the microscope. However, the penetration depth was deeper in the control group than other three groups (P ＜ 0.05). No significant difference in penetration depth was detected among the vaseline, cocoa butter and luminous paint groups (P ＞ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vaseline, cocoa butter and luminous paint have good effects on wet prevention.

Objective To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) on the contents of monoaminergie transmitters in frontal lobes of rats with depression, and to explore the pathway and mechanism of electrical stimulation of cerebellum in treating depression. Methods A total of 30 Wistar rats were used tO establish the animal depression model by exposure to chronic stressing circumstances. Electrical stimulation delivered to the left cerebellar FN or left dentate nucleus (DN) for 1 h was used as the intervention. The contents of serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NE) and dopamine (DA) in frontal lobe were determined with fluorospectropho-tometry. Results Compared with normal control group, the contents of 5-HT and NE in bilateral frontal lobes of depression model rats decreased significantly (P < 0. 001). No significant change of all three monoaminergic trans-mitters in normal rats was observed after stimulation of FN or DN (P > 0. 05), but significant increases of 5-HT and NE in right and left frontal lobes were observed in depression model rats after stimulation of FN (P < 0.05, P < 0.001; P <0.05, P <0.01), with the increase in right lobe more significant than in left lobes (P <0.05). In de-pression model rats underwent DN stimulation, significant increase of contents of all three monoaminergic transmitters in frontal lobes was observed. Conclusion ElectrieM stimulation of cerebellar FN can increase the contents of 5-HT and NE in frontal lobes of rats with depression, and this suggest that electrical stimulation might have therapeutic effect to depression.

BACKGROUND: Glass ionomer cement has been a commonly used filling material in the clinic. However, glass ionomer easily absorbs water and dissolves in early concretionary phase, which can reduce the leak tightness of the edge of obturator, resulting in slightly leakage. Therefore, protective agents are necessary following glass ionomer filling. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of three protective agents (vaseline, cocoa butter, luminous paint) on edge closeness of glass ionomer cements. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The controlled observation study was performed at the Central Laboratory, Hospital Affiliated to Medical College, Qingdao University from July to October 2007. MATERIALS: Forty freshly block teeth were used. After cleaning the facing, a 5 mm?3 mm?2 mm cavity was made at 1/3 part near to buccal surface using a high speed turbine engine under water cooling. Tooth facing was coated twice with colorless nail-polish at 1 mm from the cavity. Apical foramen was covered with red wax sheet. Teeth were equally and randomly assigned into control group, vaseline group, cocoa butter group and luminous paint group. METHODS: Glass ionomer cement was filled into the cavity. The filling surfaces were respectively coated with vaseline, cocoa butter and luminous paint in each group. The control group was left intact. Hot-cold cycle test and microleakage test were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The depth from dye penetration into the cavity wall to filling was recorded. RESULTS: Microleakage to different degrees was observed in each group under the microscope. However, the penetration depth was deeper in the control group than other three groups (P 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vaseline, cocoa butter and luminous paint have good effects on wet prevention.

Clinical communication skills are the one of seven lowest requirements of global medical education.This review emphasizes the importance of cultivating communication skills in general medical,indicates the defections of curriculum installation and discusses the training mode and examination mechanism.

0.05) and that of cure rate was significant ( P

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy( DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications and the disabling one, which is related to chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular changes. Currently, the treatments of diabetic peripheral neuropathy contains glu-cose control,pain management,etiological treatment,prevention and remove risk factors. So we make a review on the progress on the treatment of DPN by now , providing a scientific basis to a advanced and effective program.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the breakthrough point of clinical pharmacists participating in the treatment for a child with Mycoplasma pneumonia complicating with Kawasaki disease,and standardize pharmaceutical care mode. METHODS:Taking a case of Mycoplasma pneumonia complicating with Kawasaki disease as example,according to the use of antibiotics,human im-munoglobulin (pH4) for intravenous injection,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS),glucocorticoids,combined with clinical manifestations and disease,whole course pharmaceutical care was conducted,using drug interaction,ADR,precautions, discharge education as breakthrough points. RESULTS:In view of possible ADR,clinical pharmacists adopted combination mea-sures for early prevention,and monitoring measures for early identification and intervention to find problems in time,prevent the occurrence of ADR and improve patient compliance. CONCLUSIONS:What clinical pharmacists carry out pharmaceutical care in the treatment group is beneficial to improve the level of clinical treatment,so as to better safeguard patients’medication safety.