The importance of designing experiments in the reform of experimental teaching was expounded.The achievements of reformation and exploration in the selection of experimental items,the improvement of teaching methods,the advancement of teachers' levels and the examination of students' grades in researching and designing experiments in pharmaceutical analysis were summarized comprehensively.

Objective To study the effect of propofol on vascular reactivity and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in septic shock.Methods Forty male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10 in each group) : group Ⅰ control; group Ⅱ septic shock; group Ⅲ septic shock + propofol and group Ⅳ septic shock + melatonin. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg?kg-1. The femoral artery and vein were connulated for MAP monitoring and drug administration. The animals were breathing spontaneously. Septic shock was induced by intravenous LPS 15 mg?kg-1 . In group Ⅲ a bolus of propofol 10 mg?kg-1 was given i.v. at 1 h after intravenous LPS followed by intravenous propofol infusion at 10 mg?kg-1?h-1. In group Ⅳ melatonin 10 mg was given intraperitoneally at 1h after LPS i.v. . Six hours after LPS administration 4 doses of phenylephrine (PE) 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5 ?g?kg-1 were given i.v. in succession. The next dose was given when MAP returned to the baseline level after previous PE. The percent change in MAP after each dose was recorded. Blood samples were taken at 6 h after LPS administration for determination of plasma MDA and NO concentrations. After the in vivo experiment the animals were sacrificed and thoracic aortas were removed and cut into segments of 3 mm in length which were bathed in Krebs buffer aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37℃. The aortic rings were stretched to a resting tension of 2.0 g. The segments were then exposed to increasing concentrations of PE (from 1 nmol?L-1 to 30 ?mol?L-1). The dose-response curves were obtained. Emax and EC50 were calculated. Results The percent increase in MAP induced by PE was significantly reduced by septic shock (groupⅡ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ) as compared with control group (Ⅰ), but was significantly larger in propofol and melatonin groups (Ⅲ,Ⅳ) than in group Ⅱ. In the in vitro experiment the maximum response to PE and EC50 were significantly reduced in rats with septic shock as compared with rats in control group (P

The authors summarized the problems and experiences of the survey on the oral health among people with disability in Zigong city of Sichuan province in 2007,in order to provide some references for the further oral health survey.

Academe hash't got the same view about science attribute of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)up to now.This article demonstrates the scientific attribute of the traditional Chinese medicine from the nature of science,the seientific attribute of medical science and the relationship between the traditional Chinese medicine and medical science.TCM needs development.In order to develop the traditional Chinese medicine quickly,on the basis of inheriting tradition,we should make the best use of modem scientific technology.Not simply copy the theories and methods of western medicine but using the scientific measurement to build up the measurement of TCM symptoms,the relationship between symptoms and the change of the body,explore the process of physiology and pathology,and combine with western medicine to develop a mature science-medical science.

The realization of symptom measurement of the traditional Chinese medicine is a must for the development of traditional Chinese medicine, which obtained a common acceptation academically. This article believed the methods for realizing symptom measurement are the combination of both TCM two basic theories of "the wholism conception" and "treatment based on syndrome differentiation" and modern scientific measures and methods. Meanwhile, the western medicine should be simply excluded, other than simply compare a TCM syndrome to a physiological and biochemical indicator of western medicine.

Objective3-nitro-L-tyrosine(3-NT)has been shown to be the marker of ONOO-productionin the tissue during septic shock.We aimed to investigate the effects of 3-NT on adrenergic receptor-mediatedvascular reactivity and the possible mechanism.Methods The experiment consisted of two parts.In part Ⅰ twenty-four male SD rats weighing 200-300g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg?kg~(-1).Spontaneousbreathing was maintained.The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups:A control group received normalsaline i.v.(n=12)and B 3-NT group received 3-NT 2.5 ?mol?kg~(-1) i.v.(n=12).30 min and 90 min after 3-NT/N.S.administration the animals received i.v.phenylephrine(PE)0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 ?g?kg~(-1)(subgroup Ⅰ)or vasopressin 1.3,2.6,3.9,5.2 ?g?kg~(-1)(subgroup Ⅱ)at 15 min intervals.The percentageincrease in MAP was recorded.In part Ⅱ six male SD rats were anesthetized and killed.The thoracic aorta wasimmediately removed and aortic rings of 3 cm in length were prepared and suspended in Krebs-Hensleit solutionmaintained at 37℃ and aerated with 95% O_2 and 5% CO_2 and prestretched with a load of 2g.Before theexperiment the response of the aortic tings to cumulative addition of PE(1?10~(-9)-3?10~(-5)mol)was prelimarilymeasured.Alter five washes the aortic rings were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group(KH solution)and 3-NT group(KH solution containing 3-NT 250 ?mol?L~(-1)).After 60 min incubation,response to PE wasmeasured in both groups and concentration-response curve was obtained and Emax and CE_50 were calculated.Results PE increased MAP in a dose-dependent manner.PE 2.5 ?g?kg~(-1) increased MAP by 20% of thebaseline value.30 and 90 min after 3-NT 2.5 ?mol?kg~(-1) the hypertensive response of the animal to PE wassignificantly inhibited but 3-NT did not affect the increase in MAP induced by vasopressin.In the isolated SD rataortic ring experiment there was no significant difference in the concentration-response curve and Emax and EC50values of PE between the 3-NT and control group.Conclusion 3-NT selectively inhibits ?-adrenoceptor mediatedhemodynamic response through mechanisms other than competitively antagonizing ?-adrenoceptor.

ObjectiveTo screen the colonization of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) and determine their risk factors in intensive care unit (ICU), so as to provide the basis of prophylaxis and treatment of MDROs colonization.Methods A prospective single-center study was conducted in ICU of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from June 2008 to December 2014. The nostril and anal swabs for each patient who stayed in ICU over 24 hours were collected. Each specimen was cultured and tested for drug sensitivity. Clinical findings and relative risk factors were collected. The risk factors of MDROs colonization were analyzed with univariate analysis. The independent risk factor was selected from the risk factors withP< 0.05 with logistic regression analysis to analyze the related factors of MDROs colonization in ICU.Results 1 672 patients were enrolled. At ICU admission, MDROs colonization was present in 604 cases (36.12%), of whom 62 cases (3.71%) were found to be colonized with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 529 (31.64%) were colonized with extended-spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBL) enterobacteria, 7 (0.42%) were colonized with multidrug resistantAcinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB), and 6 (0.36%) were colonized with multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). ICU acquired MDROs colonization were 197/1 068 (18.45%), among whom 24 patients (1.44%) were colonized with MRSA, 118 (7.06%) were colonized with ESBL enterobacteria, 50 (2.99%) were colonized with MDR-AB, and 5 (0.30%) were colonized with MDR-PA. By multivariable analysis, prior administration of more than two kinds of antibiotics [odds ratio (OR) = 2.352, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=1.847 - 4.464,P = 0.002], prior use of broad spectrum antibiotics within 3 months (OR = 2.862, 95%CI = 1.458-5.631,P = 0.014), duration of prior antibiotic administration (OR = 1.781, 95%CI = 1.152 - 3.413,P = 0.003) and hospitalization days prior to ICU admission> 9 days (OR = 1.766, 95%CI = 1.235 - 3.986,P = 0.021) were independent risk factors of MDROs colonization on admission to ICU.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of MDROs colonization in ICU patients was found in our hospital, and ESBL enterobacteria was the predominant bacteria. ICU acquired MDROs colonization is also worth considering, especially for MDR-AB. Identification of risk factors for MDROs colonization may help identify and screen patients with high risk, and it is also instructive in prophylaxis of MDROs colonization/infection and restriction of the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

AIM: To observe the efficacy of ondansetron by intravenous injection at different time in preventing nausea and vomiting after pediatric strabismus surgery.METHODS: Totally 90 children aged 3 - 11y were randomly selected for pediatric strabismus surgery from June 2013 to August 2013 in our hospital. The ASA grade of all children were Ⅰ - II. Children were randomly divided into three groups with 30 cases each. Group A received intravenous drip of ondansetron 0. 1mg/kg before surgery. Group B received intravenous drip of ondansetron 0. 1mg/kg after surgery. Group C as control group was not given ondansetron. The number and severity of nausea and vomiting were observed within 24h after surgery.
RESULTS: There were no statistical significance in patients' gender, weight, age, duration of anesthesia, ketamine dosage and vital signs intraoperative between the three groups ( P > 0. 05 ). The incidence rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( PONV) of group A and B were significantly lower than group C (P<0. 05). The incidence rate of PONV of group A and group B have no significant difference (P>0. 05).
CONCLUSION:Using ondansetron is effective and safe in preventing PONV before and at the end of the pediatric strabismus surgery, which can also improve safety and be lower cost. It is a worthy promoting antiemetic approach for eye surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor clinical rational use of drugs,analyze the problems involved and to put forward reasonable suggestions.METHODS: Using the platform of medical information communication established based on the "Military Medical Project No.1" local area network and "Hospital Information Management System",the electronic medical records of the inpatients,ward round records,treatment plans and the relative laboratory test reports from October 2006 to March 2007 were retrieved online.The involved problems were discussed with clinical physicians through the network.RESULTS: The problems in the clinical drug use manifested as repeated medication,improper administration,overdoses and adverse interactions of combined drugs.The irrational prophylactic administration of antibiotics in the surgical department was characterized by improper choice of drugs and prolonged course of treatment etc.CONCLUSION: Great importance should be attached to drug interactions,and the indications for drug combination and course of treatment should be kept under tightly control so as to reduce adverse reactions and delay the onset of drug resistance.

Objective To investigate the plasma level of D-dimer in healthy population and hospitalized patients, and to analyze the cut-off value of D-dimer levels in different age groups for the exclusion of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in older patients. Methods A total of 6 717 healthy individuals and 2 976 hospitalized patients were included in the study. The blood level of D-dimer was detected by the Biomerieux VIDAS fluor-euzymelinked immunoassay analyzer assay. Results The blood level of D-dimer was significantly increased with age in healthy people aged over 40 and different age groups of hospitalized patients (P<0.01). The incidence of venous thromboembolism was also increased with age. The cut-off value for the diagnosis of VTE with D-dimer was 504 μg/L in patient group aged ≤40 years, and the sensitivity was 100.0%. The cut-off value was 565μg/L in 41~60-year group, and the sensitivity was 96.2%. The cut-off value was 817μg/L in 61~74-year group, and the sensitivity was 80.8%. The cut-off value was 1 024μg/L in≥75-year group, and the sensitivity was 73.1%. Conclusion The plasma D-dimer level increased with age. The D-dimer cur-off value was higher in older patients than that of other age groups, but the sensitivity in diagnosis was decreased obviously.