Objective:To investigate the association between the C1GALT1 rs1008898,the DEFA rs2738081 polymorphisms and susceptibility to IgA nephropathy in Chinese Han and Hui population in area of Gansu Province and explore molecular markers to predict IgA nephropathy Methods: In this study,there were 146 patients with IgAN and 180 normal controls in Han people and 83 patients with IgAN and 100 normal controls in Hui people.Two SNPs as rs1008898 and rs2738081 were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction-gene sequencing technology.The genotype and allele frequency of rs1008898 and rs2738081 were compared between patients with IgAN and normal controls.Results: Rs1008898 GG genotypes and G allele were over represented in IgAN patients compared with controls.Distribution of rs1008898 polymorphism in patients with IgAN and normal controls showed no difference in Hui people.Neither Han nor Hui population,rs2738081 polymorphism had difference between IgAN patients and normal controls.Conclusion: The G allele of rs1008898 probably has correlation with the genetic susceptibility of IgAN in Gansu Han people.

Scientific review, time schedule of ethical review, standards of review, the compensation for injuries of subjects in clinical research and the relation between the ethical review and scientific integrity are common issues in ethical review of clinical research. This paper had an in-depth discussion on issues mentioned above. The interna-tional rules were referred and the personal suggestions were also provided for the reference in further discussion.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of clinical and radiographic features in fungal pathogen identification in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary invasive fungal infection (IFI).Methods All consecutive immunocompromised adult patients with pulmonary IFI in respiratory intensive care unit (ICU)in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were recruited during a 2 year period.All patients met the 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Mycoses Study Group (EORTC /MSG) criteria were studied for proved or probable IFI responding to antifungal agents.The data of demographic,clinical and radiographic features,as well as serological test results of the patients were collected.Differences in the clinical and radiographic features of pulmonary IFIs caused by yeasts and molds were compared by χ2 test.A logistic regression model was used to perform discriminant analysis,and the effect of discrimination was assessed for accuracy.Results The study included 143 patients with a probable diagnosis of IFI who had the following risk factors:diabetes mellitus (43.4%),chronic lung disease (32.2%),broad-spectrum antibiotics administration (≥14 days;35.7%),malignancy (23.1%),corticosteroid therapy (≥14 days;23.1%),chronic renal failure and renal replacement therapy (16.1%),and immunological disease (10.5%).Frequent broad-spectrum antibiotics administration was associated with yeast infection (P <0.05 ),while mold infection was associated with chronic lung disease (P <0.05 ) .Yeast was more often isolated from patients with concurrent bacterial infection and on mechanical ventilation (P <0.05 ) . Thoracic high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT)showed the following images:bronchial pneumonia/pulmonary consolidation (53.1%),massive shadowing (29.4%),small nodules (24.5%),large nodules (18.9%),pleural effusion (18.9%),halo sign (14%),and cavity (9.8%).Imaging showed that mold was more common than yeast in patients with pleural and pericardial effusions (P <0.05).Logistic regression modeling showed that broad-spectrum antibiotics administration,prolonged mechanical ventilation,and pleural and pericardial effusions were statistically significant in fungal identification (P <0.05 ),with a predictive accuracy of 77.6%.Conclusions For immunocompromised patients with pulmonary IFI,most of the risk factors ,the main clinical and chest HRCT features did not help to predict the type of fungal pathogen,and yeast but not cryptococcus may be accompanied or colonized.

Performance evaluation system of 13 research institutions funded by the South Korean government was introduced in terms of policy and management.The situation of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine performance evaluation in 2012 was presented.A reference has been provided for further improving science and technology evaluation system of China.

Abstract Defecation disorder is one of the most common complications after orthopedic surgery, which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Based on review of national and international publications pertaining to influencing factors and interventions of postoperative defecation disorders, this review analyzes the associations of orthopedic surgery-related factors with postoperative defecation disorders, and summarizes the common interventions for postoperative defecation disorders, including medication, physical therapy and daily life management, so as to provide insights into prevention and treatment of defecation disorders after orthopedic surgery.

The social and behavioral research in promoting human health and the impact on human social relations and structures has been confirmed .With the development of social and behavioral science , the importance of ethics review for the research is also increased .Despite its uniqueness , the basic principles of ethics in social and behavioral research are consistent with other biomedical studies .This paper introduces ethics review points of social and behavioral research from the research design , risk and benefits , informed consent , deception and debriefing , expedited review , exemption of ethics review, privacy and confidentiality .This paper also introduces the relevant experiences from Europe and America giving references for the domestic professionals .