Humanities ; Knowledge ; Medicine

Cervical cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Its incidence is still increasing with lower average onset age. Mass screening should be above prevention and treatment, and three screening programs, including the optimal program, the general program, and the basic program, are currently adopted in China. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) , a precancerous lesion, can be confirmed by the combined use of cytology, colposcopy, and histology and then managed with standardized approach. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an essential factor during the development of cervical cancer, and persistent infection of high-risk HPVs may lead to CIN and subsequently develop to cervical cancer. High-risk HPV detection can be used for screening, differentiation of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/ low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) triage, and follow-up after treatment. The modern strategy of HPV infection is "to treat the disease, CIN, means to treat the virus, HPV". The licensing of HPV vaccine is an important event in cancer prevention, and this vaccine can be used for the primary prevention. However, early diagnosis and early treatment are still the most basic strategies for cervical cancer prevention and treatment.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; virology ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; virology

Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Endometriosis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; economics ; therapy ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Uterine Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; therapy

Adolescent ; Humans ; Gynecology ; Obstetrics

Humans ; Gynecology ; Obstetrics

Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Gynecology ; Obstetrics

Female ; Genes, p53 ; immunology ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Ovary ; pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; immunology ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; Proto-Oncogenes ; immunology ; Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor ; genetics ; pathology ; ras Proteins ; immunology ; metabolism

0.05).Among the 26 pregnancies,there occurred one ectopic pregnancy and four cases of spontaneous abortion.In the 13 delivery cases,there were one premature delivery,two cases of premature rupture of the membrane,and ten cases of cesarean section.The sample height of the cone was less than 2.0 cm in the nine delivery cases,and the mean width of the cone was over 2.5 cm.Conclusion No evidence of secondary infertility caused by cervical conization was found.There was also no significant increase in the number of either premature delivery cases or low birth weight infants. The sample height of the cone might play a more important role in the pregnancy outcome than the width, which still needs to be further verified by larger studies.

To reduce extensive radical procedures and decrease morbidity in gynecologic malignancies, much effort is being focused on implementing less aggressive interventions. Two different approaches such as lymphatic mapping and lymphoscintigraphy are currently used to identify sentinel lymph nodes. In vulvar and cervical carcinomas, metastatic spread of disease commonly follows stepwise progressive drainage. Thus, sentinel lymph node identification may significantly reduce the number of patients undergoing unnecessary, extensive lymphadenectomy in the absence of metastatic disease. The addition of novel techniques, such as histopathologic ultrastaging, step sectioning, and immunohistochemistry staining, will help increase the accuracy and rate of detection of the disease. Any definitive statements can be made to the validity of sentinel lymphadenectomy until we got data with long-term follow-up.
Endometrial Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; methods ; Lymph Nodes ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; pathology ; Vaginal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Vulvar Neoplasms ; pathology