World Health Organization aims to develop safe, effective and practical traditional medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and other complementary and alternative medicine are being recognized in the whole world nowadays. However, the definite effect of Chinese medicine is still in need of scientific research proof. Placebo control is of equal importance to active control and blank control in clinical trial of TCM. This article briefly reviewed the importance of placebo control and commented on its present situation in clinical trial of TCM. This article also brought up the preliminary proposals of placebo application in TCM clinical trial. We should emphasize scientific placebo preparation and good design of placebo-controlled trial, which are directed by International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. A good clinical trial project will avoid unnecessary wastes and provide safe and effective treatment for people.

To investigate the application of the teaching model of disease-based PBL combined with the interest group in clinical ophthalmology teaching. A clinical ophthalmology interest group was set up among interns and a PBL teaching with the theme of a single disease was carried out. The students demonstrated group presentation and discussion, and finally the teacher made comments in combination with clinical experience. The results shows that students' feedback was good. It has mobilized students' enthusiasm and initiative and can be used as a transition for carrying out PBL teaching complement to the traditional teaching model and be applied to the clinical ophthalmology teaching.

Objective To investigate the effects of 2-(3carboxy-1-oxoprogy1)amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose(COPADG) on the proliferation and cell cycle of human esophageal cancer cells Eca-109 and TE-1.Methods In vitro experiments,MTT colorimetric assay was performed to determine the growth inhibitory rates of Eca-109 and TE-1 cells treated by COPADG.Flow cytometry was applied to observe the change of cell proliferation cycle and apoptosis index.Cell morphological change was observed by transmission electron microscopy.Results COPADG inhibited effectively the growth of esophageal cancer cells Eca-109 and TE-1 in a time-and dose-dependent manner(P

This article discusses the variation process of the sense of justice in western and traditional Chinese society,and its effect on regulatory ethics.Western regulatory ethics takes "making use of evil to restrain evil" as its regulatory principle,whose purpose is "to increase goodness by evil",while Chinese regulatory ethics employs "taking goodness in restraining evil" as its regulatory principle.The Chinese regulatory ethics puts morality in the first place,using morality to replace regulatory systems.The distinctions of cultures and the sense of justice between western and Chinese societies cause the different viewpoints in relevant systems and regulations.

Objective To observe the effect of Da Jianzhong Decoction on cerebral cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II(CaMKⅡ) mRNA in spleen-yang deficiency pain rats, so as to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Da Jianzhong Decoction for spleen-yang deficiency pain. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and high-and low-dose Da Jianzhong Decoction groups(3, 0.75 g·kg-1·d-1), 10 in each group. Spleen deficiency rat model was established by comprehensive modeling methods. After the rats in various groups were given gastric administration of Chinese medicine for 15 continuous days, rat cervical dislocation was performed for the sampling of the brain tissue. The expression levels of COX-2 mRNA and CaMKⅡmRNA in brain tissue were detected by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The COX-2 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the normal group, mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2 in rat brain tissue of spleen-yang deficiency model group were increased(P﹤0.01), and CaMKⅡ mRNA expression was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, COX-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased(P<0.01) and CaMKⅡexpression was increased(P<0.01) in high-and low-dose Da Jianzhong Decoction groups(P<0.01). Conclusion Da Jianzhong Decoction can suppress cerebral COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, and up-regulate CaMKⅡmRNA expression, which probably contribute to its therapeutic mechanism for relieving the pain.

Objective To investigate the changes of inflammatory factors in mice infected with Vibrio alginolyticus .Methods Established a V .alginolyticus ATCC17749 T‐infected mouse model through intraperitoneal injection ,then performed the median le‐thal dose experiment ,the detection of hematological and liver function indicators ,histopathologic evaluation and inflammatory cyto‐kine detection .Results The median lethal dose of V .alginolyticus ATCC17749T was 1 × 109 CFU by intraperitoneal injection .The dose of 1 × 109 CFU per mouse was adopted in the following study .WBC and platelet numbers significantly decreased after infection (P<0 .05) ,RBC number and hemoglobin content significantly increased(P<0 .05) and ALT ,AST significantly increased after V . alginolyticus infection(P<0 .05);light microscopy observation revealed that ,hepatic cell and pulmonary tissue suffered serious inju‐ry after infection.Through the detection of antibody array ,the levels of 20 inflammatory factors were found changed significantly . 8 of them including KC ,IL‐6 ,RNATES ,IL‐12 ,Eotaxin ,G‐CSF ,MIP‐1a ,Mig ,the expression of which increased more than 10 times .Conclusion The inflammatory factors analysed in the paper provide a theoretical basis for the study of the inflammatory mechanism of Vibrio alginolyticus infection .

Heritable changes in gene expression are regarded as epigenetics,which do not involve coding sequence modifications.The study of ophthalmology epigenetics is a rapidly growing area in biomedical research.Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA.Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are linked to a number of age-related disorders,such as cancer,autoimmune and others.In recent years,the modulations of epigenetic changes on the pathogenesis of eye disorders and their roles in therapeutic interventions are drawing more and more attention,and these studies deepen the understanding of relevant diseases.Since the epigenetic alterations are reversible,modifying epigenetic marks contributing to eye diseases provide a new approach to the development of disease prevention,diagnosis and therapies.Herein we discuss the roles of epigenetic changes in eye disease development,hoping that ophthalmologists and researchers pay attention to these researching cues in pathogenesis of eye disorders caused by genetic expression alterations in response to environmental changes,importantly,to the implication for relevant eye disease therapy and prevention.

Objective To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) on the contents of monoaminergie transmitters in frontal lobes of rats with depression, and to explore the pathway and mechanism of electrical stimulation of cerebellum in treating depression. Methods A total of 30 Wistar rats were used tO establish the animal depression model by exposure to chronic stressing circumstances. Electrical stimulation delivered to the left cerebellar FN or left dentate nucleus (DN) for 1 h was used as the intervention. The contents of serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NE) and dopamine (DA) in frontal lobe were determined with fluorospectropho-tometry. Results Compared with normal control group, the contents of 5-HT and NE in bilateral frontal lobes of depression model rats decreased significantly (P < 0. 001). No significant change of all three monoaminergic trans-mitters in normal rats was observed after stimulation of FN or DN (P > 0. 05), but significant increases of 5-HT and NE in right and left frontal lobes were observed in depression model rats after stimulation of FN (P < 0.05, P < 0.001; P <0.05, P <0.01), with the increase in right lobe more significant than in left lobes (P <0.05). In de-pression model rats underwent DN stimulation, significant increase of contents of all three monoaminergic transmitters in frontal lobes was observed. Conclusion ElectrieM stimulation of cerebellar FN can increase the contents of 5-HT and NE in frontal lobes of rats with depression, and this suggest that electrical stimulation might have therapeutic effect to depression.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women. For early stage breast cancer patients, surgical treatment is still the foundation of local treatment. With background from precision medicine, this article reviews recent hot issues in surgical treat-ment for early stage breast cancer patients. We summarized strategies in surgical treatment, selection of resection range, manage-ment of local lymph nodes, timing of breast reconstruction, and the application of minimally invasive surgery.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that methylation modification using CARM1-catalyzed histone H3R17/R26 can maintain the stemness of embryonic stem cel s. However, mechanism underlying CARM1 effect on the stemness of amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s is stil unclear.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the function and underlying molecular mechanism of CARM1 to maintain stemness in the amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s.
METHODS:Amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s from term pregnancy were isolated and cultured. RT-PCR was used to identify the stem cel mark and CARM1 gene expression. CARM1 expression in amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s was knocked down by using two shRNA. RT-qPCR was used to detect the silencing efficiency, and western blot employed to examine the methylation level of Arginines 17 at N terminus of histone 3 (H3mR17). Moreover, the expression of embryonic stem cel markers, including OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG, were detected.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s from term pregnancy could express CARM1 and stem cel markers, including OCT4, SOX2, Nanog and KLF4. Both of the shRNAs could knock down the expression of CARM1 efficiently. When CARM1 was knocked down, the H3mR17 level was decreased and OCT4, SOX2 expression was also reduced, but NANOG expression had no change. Al these indicate that CARM1 is required for amniotic fluid-derived stem cel s to maintain stemness through regulating OCT4 and SOX2 expression.