Tne voxel-based morphometry(VBM)is a newly developed technique for brain morphometry in recent years.This article briefly expounds the concept,fundamental principle, advantages and disadvantages of VBM.It also reviews the preliminary applications of voxel-based morphometry in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer'S disease.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke.Metbods The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale was used to screen the patients with cognitive impairment within 3 days after the onset of ischemic stroke.The patients were divided into either a cognitive impairment group or a non-cognitive impairment group according to the MMSE scores.Demographics,vascular risk factors,and clinical data were compared in both groups.The independent risks factor for cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results A total of 202 patients with ischemic stroke were included in the study,in which 48 (23.8％) were in the cognitive impairment group.The proportions of age (66 ± 6 years vs.57 ± 5 years; t =2.231,P =0.038),previous diabetes (39.6％ vs. 18.2％ ; x2 =9.388,P =0.003 ),history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (39.6％ vs.20.8％;x2 =6.856,P=0.007),and the baseline National Institutes of Health Scale scores (11.8 ±2.4 vs,8.1 ± 1.9; t =2.046,P =0.043),as well as serum homocysteine (29.2± 7.8 μmol/L vs.19.9 ±6.5 μmol/L; t =2.781,P =0.008),uric acid (401.5 ± 51.1 μmol/L vs.312.4 ± 60.7 μmol/L; t =3.042,P=0.003),and C-reactive protein (18.4 ±5.2 μmol/L vs.11.3±4.2 μmol/L;t=2.903,P=0.004)levels in the cognitive impairment group were significantly higher than those in the non-cognitive impairment group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that tha age (odds ratio [OR] 1.812,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.138 -3.205; P =0.039),history of diabetes (OR 2.520,95％ CI 1.854 -4.111; P =0.025),history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (OR 4.232,95％ CI 1.905 - 8.582; P =0.014),as well as the increased levels of serum homocysteine (OR 3.618,95％ CI 2.061 -6.312; P =0.018),uric acid (OR 2.179,95％ CI 1.654 - 3.836; P =0.031),and C-reactive protein (OR 2.716,95％ CI 1.507 - 5.552; P =0.022)were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke.Conclusions The incidence of cognitive impairment after the onset of ischemic stroke was higher.The age and the history of stroke or transient ischemic attack and diabetes,as well as the increased levels of serum C-reactive protein,uric acid,and homocysteine were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke.

Objective To assess the feasibility and safety of transradial puncture route for digital subtraction angiography (DSA)in young patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods One hundred young patients with cerebrovascular disease who underwent whole brain angiography at the Department of Neurology,the 81 st Hospital of PLA were enrolled. They were divided into either a radial group (n =50)or a femoral group (n = 50)using a computer random number method. The time of puncture,success rate of puncture,success rate of selective angiography,exposure time,and incidence of complications were compared and analyzed. Results (1)The puncture time of the radial group was significantly longer than that of the femoral group,they were 3. 00 ± 0. 50 min and 1. 50 ± 0. 25 min respectively. There was significant difference (t = 18. 97,P < 0. 05). There were no significant differences in the success rate of puncture (98% vs. 100%),success rate of selective angiography (100% vs. 100%),and exposure time (5. 3 ± 2. 2 vs. 4. 8 ± 1. 7 min)between the two groups (all P > 0. 05). (2)The incidence of complications of the radial group (4%,n = 2)was significantly 1ower than that of the femoral group (18%,n = 9 ). There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 5. 01,P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion Transradial route puncture for whole brain DSA in young patients with cerebrovascular disease is safely and feasible.

Monoclonal antibody-targeted therapy has been a hot spot in current clinical cancer treatment. As current antibody drugs have large molecule sizes leading to poor tissue penetration, and high dosage in clinical application leading to high cost, to overcome the problems, the development of new antibody drugs with miniaturization and high potency has become a new trend. In recent years, the conjugates of monoclonal antibodies and cytotoxins, called antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have entered the arsenal of anti-cancer drugs, becoming a new format of antibody drugs and attracting extensive attentions. The ADC molecule usually consists of antibody, linker and effector molecule. According to different effector molecules, ADCs can be divided into three categories as chemo-conjugates, immunotoxins and radio-conjugates. When ADC molecules are internalized into cancer cells, cytotoxins will be released by chemical, enzyme degradation or by action of lysosomal proteases, then kill targeted cells by inhibiting protein synthesis, depolymerizing microtubules or breaking double-strand DNA. Recently, two ADC drugs have been approved by the US FDA and more ADC drug candidates are in clinical phase II or III trials which show significantly clinical effects and attracting much attention and competition of pharmaceutical enterprises. In this review, antibody conjugates in the past and present will be summarized and the future development trends and challenges of this type of antibody drugs will be discussed.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) belongs to the transmembrane glycoprotein receptor family. Overexpression of HER2 could directly lead to tumorigenesis and metastasis. This phenomenon could be observed in the breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer and prostate cancer. Compared with the conventional chemotherapy, the targeted treatment of antibody is more specific and has lower side effects. This review describes the current status of monotherapy and combination therapies of anti-HER2 antibodies, trastuzumab and pertuzumab, with chemotherapeutic drugs. The development trends of new formats of anti-HER2 antibody drugs such as bispecific antibody, immunotoxin are also discussed.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most devastating diseases in neurosurgery with high mortality and morbidity. Brain edema, neuroinflammation and other related secondary injuries induced by red blood cell lysates such as hemoglobin, bilirubin and peroxidase after intracerebral hemorrhage may be key targets for poor prognosis and treatment; therefore, this article reviews the latest recent advance in the above contents as follows, in order to provide new ideas for the mechanism research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with ICH.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most devastating diseases in neurosurgery with high mortality and morbidity. Brain edema, neuroinflammation and other related secondary injuries induced by red blood cell lysates such as hemoglobin, bilirubin and peroxidase after intracerebral hemorrhage may be key targets for poor prognosis and treatment; therefore, this article reviews the latest recent advance in the above contents as follows, in order to provide new ideas for the mechanism research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with ICH.