AIM: To study the effect of partial liquid ventilation on the ultrastructure of pulmonary surfactant(PS) system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury METHODS: The effect of partial liquid ventilation on the ultrastructure of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury was observed with electronmicroscope histochemistry. RESULTS: There was ultrastructure impairment of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury, the pulmonary surfactant layer was discontinuous, lamellar bodies and plasmosomes in type Ⅱ pneumonocytes vacuolated, and a few of them were even necrotized and disrupted into the alveolar space. The pulmonary surfactant layer was still continuous, the vacuolation of lamellar bodies and plasmosomes in type Ⅱ pneumonocytes was little with partial liquid ventilation. CONCLUSION: Partial liquid ventilation can lessen the impairment of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats.

Objective To evaluate the role of MCP/DAF expression in the spinal cord in the development of neuropathic pain (NP) induced by chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats.Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats transfected with MCP/DAF,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation of transfected rat group (Rsham group) and CCI of transfected rat group (RCCI group).Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation of normal rat group (Nsham group) and CCI of normal rat group (NCCI group).The right sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 loose ligatures wen placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals with 4-0 catgut in RCCI and NCCI groups.The right sciatic nerve was only exposed in Rsham and Nsham groups.Paw withdrawal threshold to yon Frey filament stimulation (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency to nociceptive thermal stimulation (PWL) were measured at 1 day before operation (baseline) and 1,3 and 7 days after operation.The animals were sacrificed after measurement of pain threshold on 7 days after operation and the L4,5 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of OX-42 (by immuno-histochemistry) and MCP mRNA and DAF mRNA (by RT-PCR).Results Compared with Nsham group,the PWT and PWL were significantly decreased on 1,3 and 7 days after operation,the expression of OX-42 was up-regulated,and the expression of MCP mRNA and DAF mRNA was down-regulated in NCCI group (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant changes were found in the PWT and PWL on 1,3 and 7 days after operation and expression of OX-42(P ＞ 0.05),and the expression of MCP mRNA and DAF mRNA was up-regulated in Rsham and RCCI groups (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with NCCI group,the PWT and PWL were significantly increased on 1,3 and 7 days after operation,the expression of OX-42 was down-regulated,and the expression of MCP mRNA and DAF mRNA was up-regulated in RCCI group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Up-regulation of MCP/ DAF expression in the spinal cord can inhibit the development of NP in rats and regulation of activation of microglias in the spinal cord is involved in the mechanism.

The diaphyseal nutrient foramina of 123 pairs of radius and 112 pairs of ulna from local Chinese adult skeleton collection have been observed. Their length, diameter and circumference were measured.The nutrient foramina on the shaft of radius, in longitudinal direction, located near the junction of the upper and middle thirds, and those of ulna located a little lower.In horizontal direction, the nutrient foramina chiefly concentrated on the anterior surface. But there were more foramina situated on the interosseous crest or posterior surface on radius than that on ulna.100 cases of nutrient artery to radius and ulna have been dissected on preserved cadavers. The length, diameter and distance from the origin of the artery to the level of elbow joint have been measured. The nutrient arteries to radius and ulna may have. various origins. They mostly arise from anterior interosseous, common interosseous, ulnar, ulnar recurrent and rarely from radial, median or dorsal interosseous arteries.The course and distribution of the nutrient arteries in the bone marrow cavity were examined on X-ray films prepared from injected radio-opaque specimens.

The facial, retromandibular and external jugular veins of the neck were studied in a total of 230 Chinese cadavers.1. The external jugular vein can be divided into six types and fourteen subtypes. Type Ⅰ(40.22％) and type Ⅲ (29.13％) occurred more frequently in this series.2. The facial vein drains into the external jugular vein in 41.09％. It drains directly or indirectly into the internal jugular vein in 43.91％.3. The anterior branch of the retromandibular vein usually drains into the internal jugular vein and it runs through the space deep to the posterior, belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscles in 83.70％.4. The presence of the so called common facial vein occurred only in 29.13％.5. The external jugular vein often drains into the subclavian vein. It appears in 46.57％ in our observation.6. The external jugular vein crosses the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, when it runs downwards in the lower part of the external cervical triangle. It usually lies superficial to the omohyoid in 66.16％, deep to it in 26.35％.

Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of the coagulation function after mitral valve replace‐ment (MVR) .Methods 163 cases of MVR admitted in our hospital from January 2012 to January 2014 were included in the obser‐vation group and contemporaneous 163 individuals of healthy physical examination were selected as the control group .The pro‐thrombin time (PT) ,activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT ) ,fibrinogen concentration (FIB) ,thrombin time (TT ) and pro‐thrombin time international normalized ratio (INR) in the two groups were detected and the detected results were performed the statistically comparative analysis .Results PT ,APTT and INR in the majority of the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ,the differences had statistical significance (P < 0 .05) .Conclusion The regular determination of blood coagulation function after MVR can effectively reflect the disorder status of anticoagulant and coagulation mechanism ,and can improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment and clinical predictive value .

AIM: To study the dynamic changes of amino acid neurotransmitters during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in awake rats. METHODS: Model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in awake rats was replicated. Glutamate (Glu), aspartate (Asp), ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau), alanine (Ala), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr) and glutamine (Gln) concentrations were measured with microdialysis, and excitotoxic index (EI) was calculated in dialysates of hippocampus, neo-cortex and striatum. RESULTS: The significant increases in extracellular not only excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters-Glu and Asp, and their neuromodulator-Gly, but also inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter-GABA and its neuromodulator-Tau and Ala were observed. However, the EI, representing the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, was significantly increased during ischemia. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the elevated Glu and Asp levels during ischemia are insufficient to independently engender ischemic damage, and other neurotransmitters or other factors may play an important role in modulating the excitotoxic effects of Glu and Asp.

ObjectiveTo identify the correlation factors for urosepsis shock after endourology surgery and analyze its clinical characteristics.MethodsFifty-eight patients with urosepsis without shock and 15 patients with shock were studied.Factors which may be correlated with the development of sepsis were analyzed including age,sex,ASA physical status,history of urinary tract infection,preoperative leukocyturia,urine bacteria culture,prophylactic antimicrobial treatment,pyonephrosis,type of surgery,duration of operation,blood leukocyte count and concentration of creactive protein at the end of surgery,the time when the signs of infection (shivering,agitation,nausea or vomiting) first appeared.Changes in BP in patients with urosepsis shock,scores for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome as well as treatment and prognosis were also recorded.ResultsFemale sex and early emergence of signs of infection after surgery were correlated with urosepsis shock.Abrupt hypotension was usually the first manifestation of urosepsis shook.The lowest systolic BP was positively correlated with the time when diagnosis of shock was made and negatively correlated with the length of ICU stay and the highest multiple organ dysfunction syndrome scores but not correlated with shock correction time.All patients with urosepsis shock recovered completely when discharged from hospital.ConclusionFemale sex and patients with early emergence of signs of infection are prone to develop urosepsis shock after endourology operation.The prognosis of urosepsis shock is good if diagnosed and treated in time.

Objective To study the feasibility of using silk fibroin/calcium phosphate cement (SF/CPC) as an injectable bone augmentation filling material for defected vertebrae in a sheep model.Methods Bone defects were created on L3,L4 and L5 in 24 adult sheep through the lateral retroperitoneum approach.CPC,SF/CPC,and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were injected into the defects of 3 vertebrae randomly.Twelve sheep were sacrificed at 1 and 6 months postoperation,respectively.Un-decalcified sections were made from the specimens from any 4 sheep and stained with Van-Gieson method.The microcosmic changes of bone-material interface were observed,and the amounts of new bone formation and cement residue were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis.Biomechanical testing was performed on the specimens from the other 8 sheep,in which the strength and stiffness were determined on the vertebrae with L6 as a control.Results Histologically,CPC and SF/CPC contacted the bone directly but the absorption and bone formation were superficial at one month postoperation.At 6 months postoperation,the absorption and bone formation were limited on the surface of CPC while the absorption and bone ingrowth were accelerated in SF/CPC group.In PMMA group where no significant changes were observed between 1 and 6 months,the material contacted the bone loosely,with membrane structure at partial interface but no new bone formation on the material.Histological quantitative analysis showed that new bone formation was significantly more and cement residue significantly less in SF/CPC group than in CPC group at 6 months (P ＜0.05).Biomechanical testing showed that the compressive strength and stiffness were significantly enhanced at 6 months compared with one month in CPC and SF/CPC groups but significantly decreased in PMMA group (P ＜ 0.05).At the 2 time points,SF/CPC,PMMA and intact groups showed equivalent compressive strength and stiffness(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The SF/CPC composite has advantages of satisfactory bioactivity and osteoconduction,and relatively faster cement degradation and bone formation during which biomechanical function of vertebrae can be maintained.Therefore it may become a new kind of vertebral augmentation filling material to replace PMMA.

The establishment of clinical medicine with professional degree is an important reformation of high-level professionals in medical field. With the expansion of the number of postgraduates of clinical medicine with professional degree, how to establish and perfect the training mode and how to improve the training quality has become an important research for the postgraduate education with professional degree. This paper discusses the establishment and perfection of training mode of full-time postgraduates of clinical medicine with professional degree by combining the documents and development of professional degree in my university.

Objective To investigate the CT features of nodular or mass-like type pulmonary cryptococcosis(PC). Methods A total of 52 cases with nodular or mass-like type PC confirmed by pathological examinations at Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian from January 2008 to December 2012 were studied. Each patient underwent a breath-hold MSCT scan and contrast enhanced CT was performed in 19 patients. The data including lesion size, number, distribution, density, performance of enhanced CT scan and accompanying signs were analyzed. Each CT accompanying sign was compared between nodular lesions and mass-like lesions using χ2 test,continuous correction χ2 test or Fisher exact test. Results Of all the 52 patients, pulmonary cryptococcosis was consisted single nodules/masses (21 cases) and multiple of nodules/masses (31 cases). There were total 206 lesions with 172 nodules and 34 masses. The lesions were mainly found in lower lobe(73.3%, 151/206)and outer zone or subpleura(87.4%, 180/206)of lung. Plain CT scan showed the densities of most lesions were solid and uniform(74.7%, 154/206). A total of 95 lesions were detected in the 19 patients with contrast enhanced CT, in which 61 lesions (64.2%) showed homogeneous enhancement and 86 lesions (90.5%) showed moderate enhancement. Nodular or mass-like lesions accompanied by many CT signs including halo sign (59.2%, 122/206), air bronchogram (32.0%, 66/206), pulmonary cavity or vocule sign (15.0%, 31/206), lobulation sign (25.2%, 52/206), spicule sign (13.1%, 27/206), pleural indentation(7.8%, 16/206) and vascular cluster (1.9%, 4/206). Compared with mass-like lesions, lobulation sign was more frequently observed in nodular lesions(χ2=13.750, P=0.001), whereas air bronchogram and pulmonary cavity orvocule sign were less frequently observed(χ2=19.957, P=0.001; χ2=5.295, P=0.021, respectively). No significant statistically differences were detected in other CT signs between them (P>0.05). Conclusions PC lesions usually occur in right lung, lower lobe and close to the pleura. Halo sign and air bronchogram are the characteristic findings of CT manifestations in nodular or mass-like type PC.