Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; metabolism ; Autophagy ; physiology ; Beclin-1 ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism

Objective The study of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 1p36 was performed to locate the deletion areas probably harboring tumor suppressor genes in invasive ductal breast carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC NOS).Methods Eighty paired breast cancer/normal tissue DNA samples were examined for LOH on chromosome lp36 using eight polymorphic microsatellite (MS) loci.The PCR products were electrophoresed on 8％ denatured polyacrylamide gel and stained using silver staining.Finally,the data were analysed and compared with the clinicopathological parameters using statistical analysis.Results In 80 IDC NOS,LOH was identified in 45 cases (56.3 ％) at least in one MS locus.MS locus D1S1310 showed the highest rate of LOH [35.7％ (25/70)].Conclusion Chromosome 1p36 might be the highly deleted region.The results of this study indicate that the chromosomal regions 1p36.23-33 might contain tumor suppressor genes associated with human breast carcinomas.

Objective To evaluate the function of peripheral vessels, the change of ankle-brachial Index (ABI) and toe-brachial Index (TBI), and its related risk factors in elderly type 2 diabetic patients were observed. Methods Doppler frequency spectrum was used on lower limb of 128 type 2 diabetic patients and 103 non-diabetic people. ABI and TBI were calculated, other indexes including body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hypersensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipopretein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting blood glucose(FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlC) were measured. Results ABI and TBI were decreased in T2DM group as compared with control group (P<0.05), and hs-CRP was increased in T2DM group. With multiple stepwise regression, it showed that ABI and TBI was negatively related with age, SBP and T2DM duration, while ABI was positively correlated with HDL. In multiple logistic regression, cigarette, age, high blood pressure(HBP) and T2DM duration were independent risk factors with respective odds ratios of 1.94 (P<0.05), 2.12(P<0.01), 2.74(P<0.05) and 1.59(P<0.05), respectively. Conclusion Older age, T2DM duration, ciga-rette, hyperglycosema, HBP, low HDL and high bs-CRP play important roles in the occurrence and development of peripheral vascular dis-ease (PVD) in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. PVD of type 2 diabetic patients can be found earlier with Doppler diagnostic instrument.

Objective To evaluate the effect of hydrogen-rich saline on the expression of phosphor-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Seventy-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-250 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),I/R group and hydrogen-rich saline group (group I/RH).Cerebral ischemia was induced in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion in I/R and I/RH groups.The artery was only exposed but not occluded in group S.At 3 days before operation and immediately after onset of reperfusion,hydrogen-rich saline (0.6 mmol/L) 10 ml/kg was intraperitoneally injected in group I/RH,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in S and I/R groups.Neurological deficits were blindly assessed and scored at the end of 24 h reperfusion.The animals were then sacrificed,and brains were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of the cerebral infarct size (by TTC),brain water content,cell apoptosis (by TUNEL),and expression of p38MAPk and phosphor-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) (by immunohistochemistry and Western blot).Apoptosis index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,neurological deficit score,apoptosis index,brain water content and cerebral infarct size were significantly increased,and the expression of p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK was up-regulated in I/R and I/RH groups.Compared with group I/R,neurological deficit score,apoptosis index,brain water content and cerebral infarct size were significantly decreased,and the expression of p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK was down-regulated in group I/RH.The pathological changes of cerebral tissues were significantly attenuated in group I/RH as compared with group I/R.Conclusion Hydrogen-rich saline can reduce cell apoptosis through inhibiting p-p38MAPK expression,thus attenuating cerebral I/R injury in rats.

Objective To evaluate the effect of hydrogen on the activation of caspase-3 in brain tissues during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-250 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:sham operation (group S),I/R group and hydrogen group (group H).Cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion in I/R and H groups.In group H,hydrogen-rich saline 5 ml/kg (0.6 mmol/L) was injected intraperitoneally at 3 days before establishment of the model and immediately after the onset of reperfusion.At 24 h of reperfusion,the rats were sacrificed,and hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of neuroapoptosis (by TUNEL),apoptotic neuron count and expression of activated caspase-3 (by Western blot).The brain tissues in the ischemic area were obtained and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for examination of the pathological changes.Results Compared with group S,the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated,and the apoptotic neuron count was increased in I/R and H groups (P<0.05).Compared with group I/R,the expression of activated caspase-3 was significantly down-regulated,the apoptotic neuron count was decreased (P<0.05),and the pathological changes of brain tissues were significantly reduced in group H.Conclusion The mechanism by which hydrogen inhibits neuroapoptosis during cerebral I/R is probably related to inhibited activation of caspase-3 in brain tissues of rats.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for implementing relevant policies and measures,and promote rational drug use. METHODS:The cognition(questionnaire)and application(prescription spot checks)about antibiotics and glucocorticoids by 191 rural doctors from 14 township hospitals and 18 health room in area A,B and C(representing the economically developed areas, moderately developed areas and undeveloped areas)were investigated,and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS:Total-ly 382 questionnaires were sent out(191 for antibiotics and 191 for glucocorticoids),and 382 were effectively received with effec-tive recovery of 100%;and 2 300 prescriptions were checked. Results of questionnaire showed,there were still some misunder-standings and blindness among the rural doctors'cognition and application about antibiotics and glucocorticoids,the usage of β-lac-tam was not fully grasped,part of the empirical use of antibiotics and drug treatment was still not entirely clear,more than 40%had no clear ideas about the classification and contraindications of hormones,and more than half of them didn't know the Glucocor-ticoids Clinical Practice Guidelines;results of prescription spot checks showed,there were regional differences about the proportion of antibiotics and glucocorticoids,area A had the highest proportion among 3 areas,accounting for 60.9% and 18.9%,respective-ly. And area C showed highest proportion about unreasonable prescriptions,accounting for 22.5%. CONCLUSIONS:The cognition and reasonable use of rural doctors for antibiotics and glucocorticoids still needs to be strengthened. It is suggested to take effective measures,formulate and implement the corresponding supervision system,strengthen antibiotics and glucocorticoids knowledge training for rural doctors and fully implement the the principles of rational drug use to improve the rational drug use.

Objective To discuss clinical effects of combined use of duodenoscopy and laparoscopy in the treatment of acute billiary pancreatitis(ABP).Methods The clinical data of 94 ABP patients who underwent minimally invasive treatment from February 2001 to Feburary 2006 were retrospectively reviewed.Among 94 ABP patients,59 patients had gallbladder stones were given laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)alone;14 patients had common bile duct stones received endoscopic nasobiliary drainage(ENBD),combined endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)and LC;21 patients had both gallbladder and common bile duct stones received combined EST and LC.Results Postoperatively,in the whole group,only one patient had recurrent pancreatitis,one patient had hemobilia,and both cases followed ERCP+EST;two cases had lung infection,and one case had infection of abdominal incision.All of the 5 cases with postoperative compllcations were successfully treated by conservative therapy.The effective rate for the whole group was 100%.Conclusions Combined use of duodenoscopy and laparoscopy is significantly effective for treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis and this minimally invasive treatment is the ideal therapy for acute biliary pancreatitis.

The mechanism of chromium accumulation and microstructure transformation of the fused yeast were studied in this paper.The result showed that the process of Cr6+ reduction and adsorption was accom-panied by the H+ consumption.The main adsorptive groups on the strain surface included amino,hydroxyl,phosphate group and amide,among which phosphate group played vital role in the chromium accumulation.The removal rate of chromium and reduction rate of hexavalent chromium declined 70% and 46%,respec-tively,when phosphate group was masked.During the adsorption process the chromium ions complexed on the surface of fused yeast was transported into the cell wall and combined with inclusion to form steady spe-cies and this took 90 min to reach the equilibrium.The biosorption and reduction of Cr on the cell surface would alter microstructure of cell surface,reduce cell membrane potential and increase cell membrane per-meability.

In order to solve the adhesion and the softening problems of traditional Chinese medicine extract during spray drying, a new method of adding dehumidified air into spray drying process was proposed, and the storage stability conditions of extract powder could be predicted. Kouyanqing extract was taken as model drug to investigate on the wet air (RH = 70%) and dry air conditions of spray drying. Under the dry air condition, the influence of the spray drying result with different air compression ratio and the spray-dried powder properties (extract powder recovery rate, adhesion percentage, water content, angle of repose, compression ratio, particle size and distribution) with 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 °C inlet temperature were studied. The hygroscopic investigation and Tg value with different moisture content of ideal powder were determined. The water activity-equilibrium moisture content (aw-EMC) and the equilibrium moisture content-Tg (EMC-Tg) relationships were fitted by GAB equation and Gordon-Taylor model respectively, and the state diagram of kouyanqing powder was obtained to guide the rational storage conditions. The study found that in the condition of dry air, the extract powder water content decreased with the increase of air compression ratio and the spray drying effect with air compression ratio of 100% was the best performance; in the condition of wet air, the extract powder with high water content and low yield, and the value were 4.26% and 16.73 °C, while, in the dry air condition the values were 2.43% and 24.86 °C with the same other instru- ment parameters. From the analysis of kouyanqing powder state diagram, in order to keep the stability, the critical water content of 3.42% and the critical water content of 0.188. As the water decreased Tg value of extract powder is the major problem of causing adhesion and softening during spray drying, it is meaningful to aid dehumidified air during the process.
Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Humidity ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Powders ; Temperature

Objective To analyze causes of death and risk factors of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)、Methotis 118 AMI patients who died f selected from 1252 hospitalized patients with AMI from January 2003 to June 2008)were retrospectively enrolled for analysis of risk factors and death causes.Resuits The overall mortality of hospitalized patients with AMI was 9.42%(118/1252).The mortality rate in the males was 8.91%(84/943)while in the females was 11.00%(34/309)which was higher than the males but there was no statistical difieFence (P=0.2739).Mortality rate rose along with age and showed significant statistical difference(P＜0.0001)among different age group[＜40 yrs:6.45%(2/31),40～54:2.56%(6/234),55～64:5.11%(16/313),≥65:13.95%(94/674)].Pump failure occurred in 77 cases(65.25%)which was the main cause of death,cardiac arrest occurred in 21 cases(17.80%)and heart rupture in 13 cases(11.02%).There existed other causes of death including cerebral hemorrhage.digestive tract bleeding and pneumonia in 7 cases(5.93%).The mortality of patients with PCI was 4.24%(39/920)while23.80%(79/332)of those witbout PCI(P＜0.0001).Rate of cardiac rupture was 1.04%(13/1252),2.91%(9/309)in females and 0.42%(4/943)in males(P＜0.0001).The time was＜24 h(23.72%.28/118)when death occurred from onset,24 h～1 week(55.93%,66/118)and 1～4 week (20.34%,24/118).There was no statistical difference of mortality related to different infarction locations[antior 12.47%(59/473),anteroseptal 9.23%(12/130),inferior 6.73%(28/416),lateral 8.70%(4/46),ventricle postwall 5.97%(4/67),and ST-segmental elevated myocardial infarction 9.17%(11/120)(P=0.0852)].Conclusions There is a high mortality in aged patients with AMl with heart failure as the most common cause of death which usually occurs at early stage of AMI.The females have more cardiac ruptures than the males.PCI significantly decreases rates of mortality and cardiac rupture.Moreover.gender and location of AMI might be another important risk factor which affect mortality.