Rectal cancer is a common malignancy in the alimentary tract with an increasing incidence, the current treatments of which include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and integrated comprehensive options. Sexual dysfunction, especially erectile dysfunction (ED), is one of the commonest complications in men after rectal cancer treatment and is generally attributed to the damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves. However, recent studies show that ED after rectal cancer treatment is a complex pathophysiological process associated with neurogenic, vasculogenic, and psychological factors. This article reviews the pathogeneses of ED after rectal cancer treatment in order to provide some theoretical evidence for its prevention and treatment.
Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; Rectal Neoplasms ; surgery

Objective To investigate the influence of parental compliance on the therapeutic effect of children with epilepsy.Methods Two hundred and sixty children with epilepsy and their parents admitted to the First People's Hospital of Wenling from December 2013 to June 2016 were enrolled,and the classical Morisky medication adherence questionnaire (MMAS-8) was applied to evaluate the compliance of parents for treatment of their children with epilepsy;after the patient taking drug for 3 days,fasting venous blood was collected in the morning,the concentration of the blood drug was tested and the influence of parent compliance on the blood drug concentration of the child with epilepsy was evaluated.Results In 260 patients,122 cases took karma form,and 138 cases took valproate orally.There were parents with good medication compliance in 130 cases (50％),medium medication compliance 80 cases (30.76％) and poor adherence to the doctor order in 50 cases (19.23％).In cases using medication irregularly,there were 26 cases sometimes without taking any drug (10.0％),17 patients' medication being interrupted (6.54％) and 10 cases having excessive medication (3.85％);no relationships were found between parental compliance and each of the following items,family role,occupation and age (all P ＞ 0.05);and the compliance was related to gender,indicating that women's good compliance level was higher than that of males';the education level was positively proportional to the compliance,and the compliance of parents with senior high school or above degree was higher than those with primary school and junior secondary school levels (83 cases vs.9 cases,38 cases,both P ＜ 0.01).Under situation of parents with poor compliance,their children had blood drug concentration higher or lower than proper range of drug level (high in 22 cases,low in 41 cases,higher than the result in good compliance 0 cases and 17 cases respectively),thus seriously affected the safety and efficacy of the treatment;the patients' frequency of irregular medication in parents' good compliance group was significantly lower than that in parents' poor compliance group [3.08％ (4/130) vs.72.0％ (36/50),P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion To improve the therapeutic effect of epileptic children,their parental good cooperation is necessary.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of intraluminal enucleation in transurethrat vapor- ization and electro-reesection of the prostate.Methods A retrospective analysis was reviewed in 62 case of prostatic hypertrophy,which were treated with intraluminal enucleation in vaporization of prostate.All pacients had a sucessful operation.There were 12 case in unipolar vaporization and 50 in plasmakenitic bipolar vaporization.Results Opera- tion time ranged from 50 to 162 minutes,with an average of 76min.Bleeding ranged from 40 to 200 ml,with an av- erage of 110ml.There was no blood transfusion.The weight of prostate was 62～138g,the catheter was maintained for 3～5 days postoperatively.The hospital stay was 7～10 days,average 8 days.All patients were cured.There was a fllow-up for 1～20 months,with an average of 8 months.The IPSS decreased by 22 points on average,and peak urine flow(Qmax)increasd to(16.8?3.3)ml/s.There wre no urethralstricture,permanent urinary incontinence, TURS,postoperative hemorrhage,retrograde ejaculation and recurrence.Conclusions Intraluminal enucleation in treatment of prostalic hypertroply is a new,safe,and effective method,which should be popularized in clinical prac- tice.

To synthesize salbutamol immunogen and develop an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), a new salbutamol immunogen was synthesized using 4-aminobenzoic acid as a linker to connect hapten with carrier protein. An enzyme immunoassay based on the antibody prepared was developed and applied to detect salbutamol residue spiked in swine liver. An unusual coating antigen, clenbuterol-ovalbumin (OVA) conjugate instead of salbutamol-OVA conjugate, was used in the immunoassay and the results were discussed based on the structures of related compounds. The antibodies showed high sensitivity in the heterologous assay when using clenbuterol-OVA as a coating antigen, with an IC50 value of 8.97 ng mL(-1) toward salbutamol. The antibodies prepared showed high cross-reactivity with clenbuterol (107%) and were promising for the simultaneous determination of salbutamol and clenbuterol residues in food and food products. Recovery rates from the salbutamol-spiked swine liver samples were in the range of 70%-99%, while the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <13.3% and <14.3%, respectively. In summary, the antibodies of salbutamol have been successfully prepared. Sensitive and stable analysis for the detection of salbutamol residues in swine liver was obtained based on the competitive ELISA methods developed in this study.
4-Aminobenzoic Acid ; chemistry ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists ; analysis ; immunology ; Albuterol ; analysis ; immunology ; Animals ; Antibodies ; immunology ; Antibody Specificity ; Clenbuterol ; analysis ; immunology ; Drug Residues ; analysis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; methods ; Food Contamination ; Haptens ; immunology ; Immunization ; Liver ; chemistry ; Male ; Ovalbumin ; chemistry ; immunology ; Rabbits ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; chemistry ; immunology ; Swine

The present study aimed to investigate the neuro-cognitive features in the processing of vocabularies of date in Chinese, using block-design functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Nineteen normal right-handed volunteers whose native language was Chinese performed judgments of vocabulary of month (JVM), the orientation of digit (JOD) and the meaning of words (JMW) respectively, while the fMRI data were recorded by Signa HDe 1.5T MR machine. All design of three tasks was adapted from previous studies with slight modification. The JOD and JWM were investigated as contrast conditions. JVM asked the subjects to determine whether the month belonged to the first half of the year. JOD was to tell whether the third digit had the same orientation (upright orientation or italic orientation) as the first two, and JMW was to determine whether the two-Chinese-character word was animate. The subjects responded according to the task instruction with a button pressing. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) was employed to process data and localize functional areas. We compared the average activation intensity of each activated brain regions in the same task against the rest and the activation intensity of the same regions in different tasks respectively. The activations in inferior parietal (BA40) and inferior occipital (BA18/19) were found in the JVM and JOD. The same areas in middle frontal (BA6), fusiform (BA18), posterior in right cerebellum areas were activated during the JVM and JMW. When the activation of the JMW was subtracted from the JVM, many areas concerning numerical processing, such as left anterior cingulate (BA32), post central (BA2), and the right superior temporal (BA39), superior parietal (BA7), as well as the inferior parietal (BA40), precuneus (BA7/19) of the bilateral hemispheres, were significantly activated. When the activation of the JOD was subtracted from the JVM, the left inferior occipital and the fusiform (BA18) of the bilateral hemispheres, which were also involved in the linguistic processing according to previous studies, were significantly activated. The above results prove that the processing of vocabulary of months in Chinese involves not only linguistic processing but also numerical processing; and these results further indicate that Chinese people might gain access to the cognitive experience of number during the process of acquisition of native language.
Brain ; anatomy & histology ; Brain Mapping ; China ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Vocabulary

Sildenafil increases the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by inhibition of a phosphodiesterase 5, thereby leading to an antinociceptive effect. The increased cGMP may exert the effect on an L-type calcium channel through the activation of protein kinase G (PKG). The purpose of this study was to examine the possible involvement of a PKG-L-type calcium channel on the effect of sildenafil at the spinal level. Catheters were inserted into the intrathecal space of male SD rats. Pain was induced by applying 50 microliter of a 5% formalin solution to the hindpaw. The sildenafil-induced effect was examined after an intrathecal pretreatment of a PKG inhibitor (KT 5823), or a L-type calcium channel activator (FPL 64176). Intrathecal sildenafil produced an antinociceptive effect during phase 1 (0~10 min interval) and phase 2 (10~60 min interval) in the formalin test. Intrathecal KT 5823 and FPL 64176 attenuated the antinociceptive effect of sildenafil during both phases. Sildenafil is effective against both acute pain and the facilitated pain state at the spinal level. In addition, the inhibition of an L-type calcium channel by activation of the PKG may contribute to the antinocieptive mechanism of sildenafil in the spinal cord.
Animals ; Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/*physiology ; Carbazoles/pharmacology ; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Male ; Pain/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Pain Measurement ; Piperazines/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Purines/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfones/*pharmacology/therapeutic use

AIM:To investigate the effect of histone deacetylase 1(HDAC1)silencing on apoptosis of squa-mous cell carcinoma of skin.METHODS:Skin squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells were transfected with HDAC1 small interfering RNA(HDAC1 siRNA)or small interfering RNA negative control(siRNA NC).The expression levels of HDAC1 in transfected cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and the apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry.The protein levels of STAT3,p-STAT3 and cleaved caspase-3 were de-termined by Western blot.The inhibitor of STAT3 signaling pathway was used to treat the A 431 cells transfected with HDAC1 siRNA.The cell viability was detected by MTT assay,the apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry,and the pro-tein levels of STAT3,p-STAT3 and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot.RESULTS: HDAC1 siRNA in-hibited the expression of HDAC1 at mRNA and protein levels in the A431 cells.After interfering with the expression of HDAC1,the cell viability and the protein level of p-STAT3 in the cells decreased,while the apoptotic rate and the protein level of cleaved caspase-3 in the cells were increased.After treatment with the inhibitor of STAT3 pathway,the viability of A431 cells transfected with siRNA and the protein level of p-STAT3 decreased,while the apoptotic rate and the protein le-vel of cleaved caspase-3 in the cells were increased.CONCLUSION: Interference with HDAC1 expression may regulate the STAT3 signaling pathway to inhibit the viability of skin squamous cell carcinoma cells,thus promoting the apoptosis of squamous cell carcinoma of skin.

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of 37 cases of popliteal vascular entrapment syndrome (PVES).Methods The clinical data of 37 PVESA cases (44 limbs) from July 2004 to July 2016 was retrospectively analyzed.There were 28 men and 9 women,age ranging from 7 to 74 years.They all underwent B-us,CTA,MRA or DSA examination before the operation.Surgical procedures performed on 38 limbs included musculo-tendinous division,popliteal-popliteal interposition,femoralpopliteal bypass.Result One patient died of PE one day after operation.The ankle brachial index (ABI)increased from 0.54 ±0.31 to 0.87 ±0.23 after operation (P ＜0.01).30 cases were followed-up with a mean followup time of 43.8 months and intermittent claudication were relieved in all cases.Conclusions PVES is an extremely important cause of non-arteriosclerotic lower extremity arterial chronic ischemia which need early,active and appropriate surgical intervention.

Objective To study the genetic variations between measles vaccinc strain S191 and strains that circulated in Zhejiang province causing the epidemics during 1999 to 20 1 1.Methods Complete sequence of the nine Zhejiang measles strains were amplified by RT-PCR assay.Products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed with vaccine strains S191 and the major epidemic strains isolated in foreign countries.Results The homology of amino acid among the nine Zhcjiang strains were 98.77％-99.89％.The strains were not affected by positive selection and the variations on each gene were still in random drift.Compared to vaccine strain S191,there were 135 to 159 amino acid changes in Zhejiang measles virus,in which 113 points were common variable positions,resulting in mutations on five glycosylation sites.At the nucleotide level,the biggest differences between the Zhejiang strains and the vaccine strain S191 were found on N gcne,with the average divergent ratio as 5.5％,while the biggest one was P protein,in the amino acid level,with the average mutation rate as 7.7％.In addition,with the complete genome sequences,the genetic distance between Zhcjiang epidemic strains and vaccine strains was greater than the distances between epidenic strains of genotype D4,B3 and vaccine strains (t=-9.76,P＜0.05；t=-12.39,P＜0.05).Conclusion There were significant differcnccs found in the each of the genes between Zhejiang epidemic strains and the vaccine strain S191.The differences between the current vaccine strains and H genotypc epidemic strains were much larger than the differences between the vaccine and the forcign epidemic strains (genotype D4,B3).Therefore,wc should pay close attcntion to this trend,and to develop candidates for the dcvclopnent of vaccines,as early as possible.

Objective To study the evolutionary characteristics and rules of two lineages on influenza B virus.Methods A total of 126 HA1 sequences of strains isolated during 1940 to 2012were downloaded from the GenBank.Time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and divergence of the two lineages were calculated based on the data from phylogenetic analysis of HA1gene,using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Bayesian-MCMC) and molecular clock method.Results The average amino acid variant ratios were ranged from 5.4％ to 10.2％ within the strains of influenza B virus isolated during 1978 to 2010.Compared with the Victoria-like strains,all Yamagatalike strains showed an amino acid deletion at 163th site,while some of them showing a deletion at position 166.HA1 gene of influenza B virus seemed not have been affected by positive selection except a few sites.The evolutionary average rate on HA1 gene was 2.138 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year (95％HPD:1.833 × 10-3-2.437 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year).The estimated dates for TMRCA of the two lineages of influenza B virus could be dated back to 1971 (95％ HPD:1969-1972),while the divergence times of the two lineages were 1973 (95％ HPD:1971-1974) and 1977 (95％ HPD:1975-1978) respectively.Conclusion Significant differences were found on HA1 gene between earlier and recent identified strains of Victoria and Yamagata lineage.Differences between the two lineages increased and showing the potential of dividing themselves into different subtypes in the future.More attention should be paid to these trends and the related epidemiological significance.