Objective To establish the training objective systems for undergraduates in mili-tary clinical medicine in order to promote the educational reform of military medicine, and to improve the quality of talents training in military medical universities. Methods Literature analysis was made to determine the initial military clinical medical undergraduate training objectives, and a questionnaire was given to experts, on-the-job military doctors, medical graduates to know the real requirements of military doctors' position. A total of 455 valid questionnaires were collected. Then the questionnaire results were discussed and summarized by the method of expert discussion. Finally,. Delphi method was used to determine the ultimate training objective system. Results The ultimate training objective system of military undergraduate clinical medicine contains two aspects, eight fields and sixty-one standards objective systems. Conclusion Organically fusing military medical knowledge, ability and professional quality requirement into two levels and eight modules and clearly understanding the standards and requirements of each module are significantly systematic, advanced and operable, which has important reference value and guiding significance to both the military medical colleges and uni-versities and the local universities.

Objective To observe the efficacy of combinated inhaled glucocorticosteroid and long- ?2 - agonist for asthmatic children. Methods Forty- seven children with moderate or severe persistent asthma were treated with inhalation of the fluticasone pro-pionate and salmeterol. The PEF value and the mark according the symptom of asthma before and after treatment( week and month respectively) were recorded. At the same time the days of treatment the patient with the short - ?2 - agonist in the first week and the forth week respectively were noted. The subjective feeling and accident of patients also should be paid attention. Results There was significant difference (P

BackgroundThe study of the molecular mechanism of visual plasticity is helpful for the explaining and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia.The effect and significance of NogoA in the strabismus and amblyopia formation are attracting more attention.ObjectiveThe present study was to investigate the expression of NogoA in 21a area of visual cortex in strabismic-induced amblyopia cats and explore the possible molecular mechanism of strabismic-induced amblyopia.MethodsSixteen 4-week old clean cats were randomizedly divided into normal group and strabismic-induced amblyopia group and eight for each group.The strabismic-induced amblyopia models were created by cutting off the external rectus in 8 cats.Pattern visual evoked potentials ( P-VEP ) were recorded 1 week after operation and compared with normal cats,and depression of amplitude and prolongation of implied time of P100 wave were as the successful criterion of model.The 200 ml paraformaldehyde was infused via heart to fax the brain under the deep anesthesia and then the cats were sacrificed and the brain cortex sections were prepared.The morphology of 21a zone of cat visual cortex was examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining,and the expressions of NogoA in 21a area of visual cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antiNogoA antibody.The use of the animals complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.ResultsThe implied time and amplitude ratio of VEP P100 wave were (98.10±7.07)ms and (0.83±0.14) in normal group,and those in strabismic-induced amblyopia group were (108.50±6.95 )ms and (0.35 ±0.09 ),showing significant differences between two groups (t=4.450,P=0.005 ; t =5.970,P =0.005 ).The numbers of neurons were similar in 21a area of visual cortex between the two groups,but the volume of the neurons was lessen in strabismic-induced amblyopia group.The positive cell densities for NogoA were ( 387.37±2.01 ) cells/mm2,( 354.58± 1.85 ) cells/mm2 and ( 289.68± 1.81 ) cells/mm2 in layer Ⅱ/Ⅲ,Ⅳ and V/V[ respectively in strabismic-induced amblyopia group,and those in normal group were ( 161.39± 1.98 ) cells/mm2,( 128.93 ± 1.26 ) cells/mm2 and ( 96.25 ± 1.49 ) cells/mm2,indicating a significant increase in model cats ( t =- 160.400,- 201.890,- 164.740,P =0.000 ).Conclusions NogoA may play an important role in the regulation of the sensitive developmental period of visual sense and its plasticity.

Objective To investigate the expression difference of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)between lung cancer and lung benign disease,and its relation to clinical characteristics and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and to research the possible role of VEGF in the growth of lung can- cer.Methods The expression of VEGF and microvascular density(MVD)were detected in 60 lung cancer tissues and 30 lung benign disease tissues after operation by immunohistochemical method and put up statisti- cal analysis.Results The positive rate of VEGF expression(63%)and MVD(45.13?10.27)in lung cancer tissues were both higher than those in lung benign disease tissues(27%,33?6.49)(P

With low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 as the joint carriers, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method for an in vitro dissolution test. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (X-RD) were adopted for a phase analysis. The results showed that the 60 min in vitro cumulative dissolution rate of ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 at the ratio of 2:1 exceeded 90%, and the drug was dispersed in carriers in an amorphous state. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg3 solid dispersions prepared with low molecular weight chitosan and poloxamer 188 could help significantly improve the drug dissolution, with a practical application value.
Chitosan ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; Molecular Weight ; Poloxamer ; chemistry ; Solvents ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe the relationship between the indicators of lung injury and the ratio of angiopoietin-2 (ang-2) to angiopoietin-1 (ang-1) in serum of rats with acute lung injury induced by phosgene.

METHODSEighty four adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 13 phosgene groups and 1 control group. Control group was exposed to fresh air for 5 minutes; the phosgene groups were exposed to phosgene (100% purity of 8.33 mg/L phosgene ) for 5 minutes. At different time points after exposure, the wet/dry weight ratio of mouse lungs was examined, the levels of ang-1 and ang-2 in serum of rats were detected with ELISA assay, and the white blood cell count and total protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats were measured.

RESULTSIn 48 h after exposure,the serum ang-2, lung wet/dry weight ratio, BALF white blood cell count, protein concentration tended to increase with time, and the serum ang-1 tended to decrease with time. The ratios of ang-2 to ang-1 at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 48 h after exposure in phosgene groups were significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were the positive correlations between ang-2 and lung wet/dry ratio, BALF white blood cell count or protein concentration (P < 0.01). There were the negative correlations between ang-1 and lung wet/dry ratio or BALF white blood cell count (P < 0.01). There were the positive correlations between the ratio of ang-2 to ang-1 and lung wet/dry ratio, BALF white blood cell count or protein concentration (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAfter exposure of rats to phosgene, there is a positive correlation between the ratio of ang-2 to ang-1 and lung injury indicators, which may be an early indicator of the severity of phosgene-induced acute lung injury.

Acute Lung Injury ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Angiopoietin-1 ; metabolism ; Angiopoietin-2 ; metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Phosgene ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To prepare ginseng saponin Compound K with ultrasound-assisted total zymolytic ginseng saponins. The conversion rate was taken as the index to detect the pre-treatment factors such as ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time, as well as the impact of enzymatic factors, such as pH value, temperature, concentration of substrate, dosage of enzyme and reaction time, on the conversion rate. The response surface method was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The enzymolytic products were identified with MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The results showed that the optimum conditions of the ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis were 250 W for ultrasonic power, 15 min for ultrasonic time, 5.5 for enzymolytic pH, 50 degrees C for enzymolytic temperature, 36 h for enzymolytic time, 4:5 for enzymolytic dosage: substrate and 1.0 g x L(-1) for concentration of substrate. The relative molecular mass of reaction products was 622.4. Therefore, the nuclear magnetic map verified that the reaction product was rare ginseng saponin Compound K. Under the above conditions, based on the total zymolytic ginseng saponins, the conversion rate of rare ginseng saponin Compound K was 6.91% in proportion to the total of ginsenosides. The process features gentle reaction conditions, high conversion rate and simple and reliable process, which is suitable for industrial production.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Enzymes ; chemistry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Ultrasonics ; methods

Objective To investigate the executive function features of different subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Methods Sixty-four subjects with subcortical ischaemic vascular disease (SIVD) presumed by medical history and neuroimaging (cranial MRI) were recruited. The clinical and neuropsychological features of the 4 groups were compared: cognitive normal control (n=25), simple executive impairment of VCI-ND (s-VCI-ND, n=16), multi-domain impairment of VCI-ND (m-VCI-ND, n=26) and vascular dementia (VaD) patients (n=22). All participants underwent neuropsychological tests covering global cognitive function, executive function, memory function, language function and visual spatial skills. The executive tests included 15 independent subtest reflect set shifting, inhibition of prepotent responses, working memory, concept formation and fluency. Results Tower of Hanoi, self ordered pointing test and paced auditory serial addition test were not suitable for identification of VCI-ND because their finish rates were less 50%. Performance of trail making test (216.5±69.3 vs 137.4±37.9), Stroop color words test (115.4±30.1 vs 72.9±17.5), California cards sorting test-Chinese version (1.9±1.4 vs 2.7±1.2)and animal category fluency test(14.2±2.3 vs 17.7±4.4) had significant difference between s-VCI-ND group and cognitive normal control group (t=4.73, 5.72, 2.04 and 3.53, all P<0.05) and these tests were applicable and sensitive assessment tools in all executive tests. Time-consuming index showed more sensitivity than correct index in executive function. Neuropsychological deficits of m-VCI-ND patients showed lower than that of s-VCI-ND group and better than that of VaD patients. It was likely that the m-VCI-ND was a transition state between normal aging and VaD. Conclusion Executive dysfunction of VCI caused by SIVD is short of specificity. Some tests may appear earlier in screening of VCI-ND.

Objective To investigate the alexithymia, mental health condition and their relationship in female rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods Fifty-four female patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 50 healthy women were enrolled and assessed with Chinese version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the symptom checklist-90(SCL-90). Disease duration and DAS28 of the patients were also recorded and calculated. The data were statistical analyzed by t test between the two groups and other block groups. The association between TAS-20, SCL-90, duration and DAS28 was assessed using Spearman corre-lations. Results ① The TAS-20 total score and Tf1, Tf2, Tf3 factors score of female rheumatoid arthritis patients were significantly higher than those of the control group (57±9, 51±7, t=4.15, P<0.01); it was also the same with the total score and factors score of SCL-90 (beside the paranoid factor) between patients and control groups (165±50, 138±41, t=3.06, P<0.05). ② Correlation analysis showed significantly positive correlation between Tf1 factor and all factors of SCL-90, also between Tf3 factor and obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, phobias and paranoid factors(P<0.05). ③ Only hostility factor was different between the higher TAS-20 total score group and the lower one. However, the obsession-compulsion, anxiety and phobias factors scores of the higher Tf1 score group were significantly higher than those of the lower one (P<0.05); The higher Tf3 score group was significantly different from the lower one in obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, paranoid and psychoticism factors (P<0.05). The Tf1 factor score of higher SCL-90 total score group was significant higher than that of the lower one (P<0.05). ④ There were significantly positive correlation between duration and depression and paranoid factors, also between
DAS28 and anxiety and paranoid factors (P <0.05). Conclusion There is obvious alexithymia and psychological problems in female rheumatoid arthritis patients; the Tf1 and Tf3 factors of TAS-20, duration and DAS28 are all major factors related to the psychological state.

Objective To analyze the effect of endoscopic ultrasonography guided interstitial iodine 125 seed implantation in treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer and migration of implanted seeds. Methods A total of 17 patients with unresectale pancreatic cancer underwent endoscopic ultrasono- graphy guided interstitial iodine seeds implantation.The therapeutic plan system was used to calculate the number of implanted seeds before procedure.The patients were followed-up monthly and tumor alteration and migration number or loss of implanted seeds were investigated by abdominal plain film.Results Io- dine 125 seeds were successfully implanted in all patients under endoscopic ultrasonography. Before treatment,the median size of tumor was 5.4cm(ranged from 3.7 to 9.0cm)and the number of implan- ted seeds was 27,with median 14(ranged from 7 to 24)once for 2 times.The mean radioactivity per seed was(0.6894?0.016)mCi.The patients were follow-up of 2 to 14 months(mean 4.8 months). Three months after implantation,partial relief was observed in 5 patients(29.4%),no change in 7 patients(41.2%)and progressing in 5 patients(29.4%).The implanted seeds migrated into spleen in 1 case, into liver in 1 case and into bowel in 3 cases.The seeds loss was found in 4 patients.Conclusions Endoscopic uhrasonography guided interstitial implantation of iodine 125 seeds in treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer may significantly inhibit tumor growth,and attention must be paied on the complications of seeds migration or loss,which will impair the nearby organs because of its radioactivity.