Dry eye is the most common ocular surface diseases encountered in the clinic.At present,a system for dry eye diagnosis and treatment has initially been formed in China,but there are still many clinical issues need to be resolved.It is important to improve the definition of dry eye and construct a more rational classification system;pay attention to the epidemiological investigation of dry eye;standardize diagnostic procedures for dry eye;establish the dry eye diagnostic criteria and the correct treatment concept.We propose to develop the clinical guidelines on dry eye classification,diagnostic criteria and treatment principles.

What is education is a masterpiece on education of karl Jaspers,which gives a profound impact on Germany and the world's education.This paper makes an analysis about it on the basis of the essence of education,philosophical base,teacher- student relationship,university idea and so on,and makes a further efforts to point out that this viewpoint will have deep inspira- tion to the teaching method reform we are now promoting.

Objective To explore the characteristics of clinic and epidemiology of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) pneumonia in newborn infants.Methods Three hundred and nine neonates(male 196,female 113) who were admitted to children's hospital of Fudan University and identified as having RSV pneumonia from Jan.2004 to Dec.2008 were enrolled.RSV antigen was detected in exfoliated respiratory cells by direct immunofluorescence.All the clinical data were collected and subjects and they were divided into different groups based on path of infection,gestational age and RSV status.Results From case notes over the 5 years,309 eligible neonates with RSV infection were identified.Male term neonates were more likely to acquire infection,as compared to female,1.71.0.The incidence of RSV infection peaked in winter and spring.Compared with community acquired infection group,hospital acquired infection group had more premature infants(23.2% vs 8.7%,P=0.002),lower birth weight[(3 010.8?852.8) g vs(3 153.2?943.4) g,P=0.026],much longer mean length of hospital stay[(19.0?8.0) d vs(12.2?4.5) d,P=0],more expensive cost[(5 646.4?3632.2) RMB vs(4 175.8?2 879.2) RMB,P=0] and later occurrence day[(21.3?8.6) d vs(15.8?6.0) d,P=0].Compared with simple RSV infection group,mixed infection group had more expensive cost[(6 063.1?3 085.4) RMB vs(4 513.2?3 860.8) RMB,P=0.047] and more oxygen use(40.0% vs 25.7%,P=0.006).The clinical characteristics of patients with RSV pneumonia varied.Preterm group compared with term group more frequently exhibited apnea and cyanosis(20.0% vs 0.7%,42.9% vs 22.7%),respectively.Forty-two percent of them had bacterial infection,while 13.3% of them had infection of other part of body.The prognosis of most RSV(99.0%) infections was good.Conclusions RSV was an important cause of respiratory tract infections during the last five years.Clinical characteristics of RSV infections were atypical.Hospital acquired RSV infection was more severe than the community acquired infection in neonates.There are no specific,effective interventions for treating RSV infections,so preventive measures are most important.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parkinson Disease ; drug therapy ; therapy

Objective To understand the molecular mechanism by which protein kinase C? mediates multidrug resistance of human glioma cell line SHG-44.Methods SHG-44/ADM was constructed by stepwise concentration increasing method and intermittent administration method.SHG-44/WT and SHG-44/ADM were treated by PKC? reactivator PMA and PKC? inhibitor staurosporine,then the expressions of PKC? and MDR-1 were detected by Western blotting,the PKC? activity was assayed by kinase,and ADM accumulation was determined by fluorescence spectrometry.Results PMA increased PKC? activity and MDR-1 protein expression and activity.Staurosporine was able to block PKC? activity and decrease MDR-1 expression and activity.Conclusion Multidrug resistance in human glioma cells is mediated by PKC? via MDR-1 pathway.

Objective To evaluate the use of amniotic membrane patches for mild or moderate eye burns at the stage of acute burns and the involved microsurgical techniques.Methods Thirty-four eyes with corneal burns of Ⅱ to Ⅲ degree in which may have partial limbal necrosis were accepted amniotic membrane patching (21 eyes) or pharmaceutical treatment (13 eyes).Four amniotic patches were procured and examined by transmitting electronic microscope when the exposed corneal surface became re-epithelialization after amniotic membrane inching.Results Amniotic patches became partially melting or prolapsed 5-10 (11± 2) days after surgery.The uncovered corneal surface showed quickly re-epithehalized.There were a few thin fibrovascular membrane invaded onto corneal surface in the patients with more than a half limbal necrosis.Postoperative visual acuity increased 1 to 6 (3.3 ± 1.2) lines.The electronic findings showed that most of the infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the anmiotic patches became apoptosis.Corneal melting presented in four of 13 eyes who received only drug treatment and lamellar keratoplasty was then performed.The other eyes manifested pseudo-pterygium or symblepharon at different extent.Conclusion Amniotic,patches may reduce the inflammation of burned cornea and corneal neovascularization,accelerate re-epithelialization of corneal surface,even improve the rehabilitation of burned limbal stem cells.

Background Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is determined to have a neurotrophy effect and promoting effect to the growth of axon.GDNF has been applied in ophthalmology.Research showed that artemin,a new member of GDNF family,has a better function in protection of neuron,but seldom relevant document of distruibution of artemin in retina is found so far.Objective The aim of the present study is to investigate the distribution and expression of artemin in normal rat retinal neuron cells and retinal ganglion cells,and imitate diabetic environment to observe the expression of artemin at the condition of high glucose.Methods Retinal tissue was isolated from clean neonatal SD rats and cultured by expand culture method in DMEM/F12 containing 10% fetal bovine serum.40 mmol/L of glucose was added in medium in the seventh day after culture for 12 hours as experimental group.The expression and location of artemin in retina were tested by real-time PCR and cell immunofluorescence assay.Use of experimental animals followed the Management Regulation of experimental animals of Jiangsu Province.Results Cultured cells showed the typical cell body and processes in the seventh day.Cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) presented the red fluorescence for Thy1.1 antibody,and multiple fluorescence label revealed that RGCs exhibited the green fluorescence for artemin antibody and red fluorescence for Thy1.1 antibody,indicating artemin protein was positively expressed in cultured RGCs.The numbers of positive cells for Thy1.1 antibody was (442±9)/high field in normal culture group and (263±7) /high field in 40mmol/L glucose culture group,showing a significant difference between them (P＜0.05).The expression of artemin mRNA in normal culture group and in 40 mmol/L glucose culture group,was showing a considerably difference between them(P＜0.05).Conclusion Artemin can be expressed in cultured retinal neuron cells and RGCs in rats.High glucose environment down-regulate the expression of artemin.This study proved a new idea for protecting RGCs against damage.

Objective To study AngⅡ induced apoptosis of HUVECs and to observe the protective effect of serum contained huangqi on endothelial cell.Methods ECV-304 cells were randomly divided into control group,AngⅡgroup and huangqi group.In the control group,cells were cultured for 18 h,and the concentration of AngⅡ were 0 mol/L,1×10-6 mol/L,1×10-5 mol/L and 1×10-4 mol/L.The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay.Electron microscope was used to observe the change of HU-VECs.Ultrastructure of HUVECs induced by AngⅡ was observed by electron microscope.In the huangqi group,serum contained huangqi of different concentration were added into the medium and cultured for 24 h,then AngⅡ of 1×10-4 mol/L was included and cultured for 18 h,and the apoptosis ratio induced by AngⅡwas measured by flow cytometry.Results AngⅡof different con-centration could all significantly inhibit HUVECs proliferation.AngⅡof different concentration could all induce endothelial cell ap-optosis.HUVECs apoptosis was observed by electron microscope.HUVECs apoptosis induced by AngⅡcould be inhibited by ser-um contained huangqi.Conclusion Serum contained huangqi could protect endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical features and causes of nosocomial infection in schizophrenics with tuberculosis so as to take effective measures for better prevention and treatment.METHODS A retrospective investigation was used to analyze the clinical features and causes of nosocomial infection in 207 schizophrenics with tuberculosis.RESULTS The rate of nosocomial infection in schizophrenics with tuberculosis was 39.13%.The main infection way was via respiratory tract,followed by skin,soft tissue and gastrointestinal tract.The period and degrees of tuberculosis,the history of smoking,psychiatric symptoms and the complications were the causes of nosocomial infection.CONCLUSIONS Controlling psychiatric symptoms actively,preventing and treating somatic complications,using antibiotics rationally and less or no smoking are the effective measures to avoid nosocomial infection in schizophrenics with tuberculosis.

Objective To study the probability of transferring the regulatory T cells induced by TGF-β1 to prolong the allograft survival and the mechanisms involved.Methods According to the different culture conditions.three experimental groups were established:control group(T cells from C57 BL/6 mice cultured with II-2),MLR group(T cells from C57BL/6 mice activated by alloantigen)and TGF-βgroup(T cells from C57BL/6 mice activated by alloantigen and cultured with 5.0 ng/ml TGF-β1).After the culture,the ratio of CI4+CD25+T and the Foxq3 expression were measured by FACS and RT-PCR,respectively.On 9th day,the pathologic analysis was performed and the ratios of TH1,TH2 and Treg and the proliferation of lymphocytes were measured.Results The ratio of CD4+CD25+T in TGF-β group was higher than that in control group and MLR group(P<0.05),and Foxp3 was expressed in CD4+CD25+T cell from TGF-βgroup.After transferring ofthe cells,the allografi survival time in TGF-β group was prolonged and its mean survival time(MST)was(22.8±1.9)d,which was longer than that in MLR group and control group (P0.05),lower than that of control group(P<0.05). And the ratio of CD4+CD25+T in TGF-β group was higher than that in control and MLR group obviously(P