Enzyme histochemistry of neurons in the enteric nerve plexus of guinea pigs were studied with light microscope semi-quantitatively and microphotometer quantitatively. The results showed that the neurons differ greatly in A1P (alkaline phosphatase), AcP (acid phosphatase), 5'-Nase (5'-Nucleotidase), TPPase (thiamine pyrophosphatase), NsE (non specific esterase) and ChAT (choline acetyltransferase). There were disparities to a certain extent in reactions of MAO (monoamine oxidase), AP (aminopeptidase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) among different segments of gastrointestinal between submucous and myenteric plexus, but all neurons were positive for the enzymes stated above. The neurons in each ganglion were relatively similar in the enzyme activities. There were about 50-66% neurons in the enteric nerve plexus showing strong reaction of ChAT, which may be cholinergic neurons. There were significant differences in enzymatic activities, except NsE, between submucous plexus and myenteric plexus statistically. Submucous plexus showed stronger reactions of AcP and AP than those of myenteric plexus, while myenteric plexus showed stronger reactions of A1P, 5'-Nase, TPPase, MAO, ChAT than those of submucous plexus. The ganglia of intramural plexus in stomach were not well developed as those of intestine, especially the submucous plexus of stomach, in which there were only few scattered neurons, and they showed weaker enzyme activities than those of intestine. The enteric neurons in duodenum and proximal colon showed strongest activities for most enzymes among different segments of intestine. The above results indicate that the enteric neurons exist remarkable differences in metabolism and functional states.

To study the mechanism ofstimulating effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on induction of neovascularization during gastric carcinogenesis induced by N methyl N′ nitro N nitrosoguanidine in rats, gastric carcinogenesis in rats was induced by administration of MNNG (150mg/L) in drinking water. Four weeks after MNNG exposure, rats were fed with diet containing 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (2.5?g/kg, 5.0?g/kg) . Animals were killed at week 16, and 32 for the study of neovascularization by cardiovascular perfusion with carbon ink and immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). Expression of VEGF and microvessel density in glandular stomach of rats receiving 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ( 5.0?g/kg) in the diet dramatically increased when compared with the rats receiving MNNG alone at week 16, and the differences were more significant at week 32. Expression of VEGF was closely correlated with microvessel density. We propose that certain dose of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 stimulated neovascularization during gastric carcinogenesis in rats induced by MNNG partly through increasing VEGF expression.

The large majority of elderly patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery take antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs on a regular basis. Antithrombotic treatments predisposes to bleeding complications that may lead to retrobulbar haemorrhage, suprachoroidal haemorrhage and ultimately, to loss of vision. However, discontinuation of antithrombotic medication in such patients may lead to thromboembolic events with serious consequences. There are no guidelines on perioperative management of ophthalmic patients who are on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. We reviewed traditional and newer agents in the context of cataract, vitreoretinal, glaucoma and oculoplastic surgery. Recommendations are given for continuation, cessation and recommencement of these agents in order to minimise the risk of bleeding and thrombotic complications.

Objective To study the neuroprotective effect of sevoflurane on controlled hypotension in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing craniocerebral surgery. Methods Twenty-six patients with coronary heart disease undergoing craniocerebral surgery were randomly divided into two groups,receiving either inhaled 2%-5%sevoflurane plus intravenous sodium nitroprusside (treatment group,n=13) or intravenous sodium nitroprusside 3-8 μg·kg-1 alone (contorl group,n=13) for blood pressure control. The hemodynamic changes were recorded during the operation. Patient satisfaction with surgeons and the duration hospital stay after surgery were recorded. The levels of cardiac troponin I (TNI),creatine kinase-MB (CK-MBM),neuron specific enolase ( NSE) and S100 calcium binding proteinβ( S-100βprotein) in serum were detected at one day pre-operation,the end of the operation,and one day post-operation. Results The duration of hospital stay after surgery was significantly shortened in treatment group [(20. 3±3. 8) versus (23. 9±4. 6) d,P<0. 05) compared with control group. The average heart rate significantly decreased, patient satisfaction significantly increased, and serum levels of NSE and S-100β protein one day post-operation significantly decreased as compared to control group (all P<0. 05). Compared with the day before operation,serum levels of NSE and S-100βprotein in the two groups increased significantly at the end of surgery (P<0. 05),and the levels of TNI,CK-MBM,NSE and S-100βsignificantly elevated one day post-operation (P<0. 05). Compared with the end of operation,serum levels of NSE and S-100βin contorl group incarcerated remarkably (P<0. 05) Conclusion Sevoflurane plays an important neuroprotective role,as evidenced by improving patients' satisfaction,reducing hospital stay after surgery,and maintaining the balance of myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption in craniocerebral surgery patients with coronary heart disease during controlled hypotension. However,it can not prevent postoperative myocardial injury in these patients.

Deep venous thrombosis is a common and serious complication after orthopedics operation, with the characteristics of high incidence rate and death rate, its formation mechanism and the treatment is becoming more and more attention of scholars. Establishment of animal model of deep venous thrombosis can further explore the pathological process of thrombosis or dissolution, is an important means to research of thrombosis mechanism and evaluation of therapeutic method. This review discussed the basic principle of deep venous thrombosis, the selection of experimental animals and making method of animal models.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Venous Thrombosis ; etiology

As one subclass of forkhead proteins, the forkhead box O ( FoxO) transcription factors take part in a series of bio-logical processes including cellular apoptosis, damaged DNA re-pair and cleavage of reactive oxygen species(ROS). Increasing evidence highlights that oxidative stress elicited by FoxOs con-tributes to imbalance of redox status in cells related to bone me-tabolism, resulting in development of the pathogenesis of osteo-porosis. This article reviews the relationship of FoxOs and osteo-porosis, which may be beneficial for the research of pathological mechanism and therapeutic strategy of osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND:At present, the clinical application of intramedul ary nail in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures has achieved good results. However reamed and unreamed intramedul ary nail in repair of tibial fractures in adults remains controversial. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of reamed versus unreamed intramedul ary nailing for the treatment of tibial fractures in adults. METHODS:The literature related to application of reamed or unreamed intramedul ary nailing for tibial fractures published from 1980 to 2015 were searched from Springer, PubMed, and Wanfang database. Related Chinese and English journals of orthopedics were hand-searched. Al randomized control ed trials were col ected. RevMan5.0 provided by Cochrane was used to analyze the data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Seven randomized control ed trials were included according to inclusion criteria, including 1 331 patients. There were 682 cases in the reamed intramedul ary nailing group and 649 cases in the unreamed intramedul ary nailing group. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the reamed intramedul ary nailing group, implant failure rate was significantly higher in the unreamed intramedul ary nailing group [MD=0.37, 95%CI (0.24, 0.57), P<0.000 01], and nonunion rate was significantly higher [MD=0.54, 95%CI (0.31, 0.93), P=0.03]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of compartment syndrome, the rate of malunion and postoperative infection rate. Results suggested that no difference in the incidence of compartment syndrome, the rate of malunion and postoperative infection rate was found in reamed and unreamed intramedul ary nailing in the repair of adult tibial fractures. Reamed intramedul ary nailing has advantages of low implant failure rate and nonunion rate.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; classification ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Child ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

Objective To study the apoptosis-inducing effect of Oridonin on PC-3 cells line and the role of Survivin in the process.Methods After PC-3 cells were incubated with different concentrations of Oridonin,cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay.The percentage of earlier apoptosis cell was analyzed by flow cytometry.The protein expression of Survivin in PC-3 cells were detected by Western blot and fluorescent quantitative PCR.Results Oridonin effectively inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells in a concentration-time dependent way.After PC-3 cells were treated with Oridonin ( 2.5,5,10,20,40 μmol/L)for 48 hours,the cytotoxicity index were 9.2％,25.3％,39.3％,77.2％,92.5％ and the IC50 of PC-3 cells was 10.29 μmol/L,respectively.Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of different concentration of Oridonin (0,10,20,40 μmol/L) for 48 hours,the apoptotic rates of PC-3 cells were 4.8％,15.4％,19.5％,27.4％ ( P ＜ 0.05).Oridonin down-regulated Survivin protein in a concentration-dependent way in PC-3 cells.Conclusions Oridonin can induce the apoptosis of PC-3 cells by a concentration-dependent manner.Oridonin can induce the apoptosis of PC-3 cells by down-regulated Survivin protein.

OBJECTIVE:To compare clinical efficacy,safety and economy of urokinase and alteplase each combined with Enoxaparin sodium in the treatment of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS:80 STEMI pa-tients were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 40 cases in each group. Both groups received Aspirin enteric-coated tablet for antiplatelet aggregation,and Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate tablet for anticoagulation before thrombolysis. Control group were given urokinase 1 500 000 U added into 0.9% Sodium chloride injection 100 ml,ivgtt,within 30 min;given Enoxaparin sodium injection 7 500 U intramuscularly 12 h after thrombolysis,for 3-5 d. Observation group was given Enoxaparin sodium 60 U/kg,ivgtt,1 mg/ml Alteplase for injection 8 ml with intravenous push,other 42 ml ivgtt within 90 min;continued to receive Enoxaparin sodium with 12 U/(kg·h)micro-pump for 48 h,followed by Low molecular weight heparin calcium injection 5 000 U intramuscularly,bid,for consecutive 5 d. Clinical efficacy of 2 groups were observed,and thrombolytic recanalization situa-tion were observed 30,60,90 and 120 min after thrombolysis. ECG,cost-effectiveness and ADR were also observed. RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group(92.50%)was significantly higher than that of control group(85.00%). The rates of throm-bolytic recanalization in observation group 60,90 and 120 min after thrombolysis were significantly higher than in control group, with statistical significance(P<0.05). Q wave time,Qwave/Rwave and ST segment deviation of observation group after treatment were significantly lower than those of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). The total hospitalization cost of obser-vation group was significantly higher than that of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05);there was no statistical sig-nificance in effective rate and the per unit cost of thrombolytic recanalization rate (P>0.05). The incidence of ventricular aneu-rysm,pericardial effusion,heart failure or cardiac shock,angina pectoris after infarction,severe arrhythmia,death and other as-pects in observation group were significantly lower than in control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Alteplase and enoxaparin thrombolysis therapy is better than urokinase and enoxaparin for STMEI in respects of clinical efficacy, and thrombolytic recanalization with less ADR and better safety;urokinase is cheaper and better than alteplase in cost-effectiveness ratio. Both of them can be used after careful consideration.