Authors reviewed 1809 childhood accident cases who visited the emergency room of Soon Chun hyung Hospital from May, 1974 to Aug. 1980. The following results were obtained; 1. Incidence of accidents was 4.1% of all patients who visited emergency room. 2. The highest age incidence was in the age group of 5-9 years, especially in Falldown, Traffic accident, Laceration accident. But Burn, Poisoning and Foreign body accidents were most frequent in the age group of 1-4 years. 3. Male to Female ratio was 1.74:1 4. Seasonal Distibution showed high incidence in Spring and Summer. 5. Accidents were happenedmostly at 4:00 PM - 8:00 PM 6. Causes of Accidents were Falldown(28.3%), Traffic accident (22.4%), Laceration(22.0%), Burn(9.5%), Poisoning (7.5%), Foreign body(4.0%), and Others(3.1%), listed in decreasing order of frequency. 7. Head was the part of the body most frequently involved in Fallodwn, Traffic accident and Laceration accidents. 8. Mortality rate was 7.2% of all accidents and traffic accident was the most common cause of death. Mortality was highest in the age group of 1-4 years.
Accidents, Traffic ; Burns ; Cause of Death ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lacerations ; Male ; Mortality ; Poisoning ; Seasons ; Statistics as Topic*

The 15 year-old female patient was admitted with the complaints of moon face, obesity and short stature. She has received steroid therapy since 11 years ago at home to control joint pain due to rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis was confirmed by history of long-term steroid therapy, characteristic clinical features, biochemical studies and radiological studies. In radiological studies, superior mediastinal widening, aseptic necrosis of both hip an diffuse osteoporosis in various skeleton were revealed. Brief review of literature was presented.
Adolescent ; Arthralgia ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hip Joint* ; Hip* ; Humans ; Lipomatosis* ; Necrosis* ; Obesity ; Osteoporosis ; Skeleton

This study aimed to determine the variables significantly related to the MMSE in the Korean version of the CERAD assessment battery(MMSE-KC) and present the normative information of the test in the Korean elderly. The MMSE-KC was administered in a standardized manner to 618 healthy volunteers aged 60 to 90 who were recruited from 4 dementia clinics, 2 elderly welfare centers and 1 community population. The elderly with serious neurological, medical and psychiatric disorders including dementia and major depression were excluded through clinical evaluation using CERAD-K clinical assessment protocol. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the variables significantly related to the MMSE-KC score. Age, educational level, and sex were found to have statistically significant effect on the test score. Based on this result, overlapping age normative table(60 to 74, 65 to 79, 70 to 84, and 75 to 90 years of age) with 3 educational strata(0 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 years and more) separately for both male and female were developed. For resulting 24 normative units, 5 percentile, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, mean and standard deviation were calculated. The normative data from this study can be widely used as reference values to objectively interpret the MMSE-KC scores of the Korean elderly.
Aged* ; Dementia ; Depression ; Education ; Female ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Reference Values

We aimed to develop the Korean version of Short Blessed test (SBT-K) by analyzing its reliability and validity, showing its usefulness as a dementia screening instrument. The translation, including back translation procedure, was carried out, keeping the basic structure of SBT. SBT-K. The Korean Version of Blessed Dementia Scale-Activity of Daily Living (BDS-ADL-K) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) were administered to 224 dementia patients and 191 control subjects, and The Korean Version of Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease-Mini-Mental State Examination (CERAD-MMSE-K) was to 157 patients and 167 controls. The correlation of SBT-K scores between two raters, correlation between the test and retest after one month, and its internal consistency were analyzed. To verify the concurrent validity of SBT-K, its correlation with each test: CERAD-MMSE-K, BDS-ADL-K, and CDR was analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity for each cut-off point of SBT-K were calculated and the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done to get its optimal cut-off point. SBT-K was found to have significantly high internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability. The significant correlation of SBT-K with each test described above was also shown. Its optimal cut-off point was estimated as 10/11, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the diagnostic efficiency of SBT-K was comparable with CERAD-MMSE-K. We conclude that SBT-K has not only high reliability and validity, but also usefulness as a screening instrument for dementia.
Dementia* ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Reproducibility of Results* ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

To examine whether the IL-1A(-889) polymorphism associates with a risk for Alzheimer's disease(AD) and acts interactively with the apolipoprotein(APOE) epsilon 4 in the development of AD, we performed genotype analyses of the IL-1A and the APOE of the 102 Korean AD patients and 200 Korean non-demented controls. We failed to detect a significant difference in genotypic and allelic frequencies of IL-1A between the AD group and control group. No overexpression of the IL-1A C/T genotype and IL-1A T allele was found when we analyzed the late-onset and early-onset patients, separately. There was no significant genetic interaction between IL-1A polymorphism and the APOE polymorphism. In conclusion, the IL-1A polymorphism did not contribute to the development of AD independently or interactively with the APOE epsilon4 allele in Koreans.
Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Apolipoproteins E ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interleukins* ; Polymorphism, Genetic*

This study aimed to investigate whether the demographic variable-adjustment and supplementation of Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score can improve the screening ability of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for dementia and its subtypes. Five hundred forty-one non-demented comparison (NC) and 474 dementia (320 Alzheimer's disease [AD]; 139 non-Alzheimer's disease dementia [NAD]; and 15 mixed AD-NAD dementia) individuals living in the community were included. Education-adjusted MMSE (MMSE-edu) score showed significantly better screening accuracy for overall dementia, AD, and NAD than MMSE raw score. FAB-supplemented MMSE (MMSE-FAB) score had significantly better screening ability for NAD, but not for overall dementia and AD, than MMSE raw score alone. Additional supplementation of FAB to MMSE-edu further increased the ability for overall dementia or NAD screening, but not for AD screening. Further education adjustment of MMSE-FAB also improved its ability for overall dementia, AD, and NAD screening. These results strongly support the usefulness of education-adjustment and supplementation of frontal function assessment to improve screening performance of MMSE for dementia and its subtypes, NAD in particular.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/complications/diagnosis ; Area Under Curve ; Dementia/complications/*diagnosis ; Demography ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; ROC Curve

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop an informant report questionnaire for dementia screening and to verify its reliability and validity. METHODS: A preliminary questionnaire with 30 items was administered to a reliable informant for each of 81 dementia patients and 166 normal controls. Through item analyses, the 15-item Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia (SIRQD) was clraum up. Internal consistency and inter-informant correlation were analyzed. Factor analysis and ROC curve analysis were also performed. RESULTS: SIRQD was found to have high internal consistency and inter-informant reliability. Optimal cut-off score of SIRQD was 9/10, and the sensitivity and specificity at that score were .850 and .873, respectively. SIRQD was composed of four major factors (remote memory, recent memory, language, and activity of daily living). SIRQD was closely equivalent to MMSE-KC in terms of overall dementia screening ability, and it appeared efficient in discriminating very mild dementia from normal. SIRQD showed low false positive and negative rates, irrespective of levels of education, age, and sex. CONCLUSION: SIRQD possess good psychometrical properties and is probably very useful to screen dementia, especially for the Korean elderly with a very wide range of educational background.
Aged ; Dementia* ; Education ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Memory ; Surveys and Questionnaires* ; Reproducibility of Results ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Seoul*

OBJECTIVES: We compared the scores of the MMSE-KC (Korean version of MMSE in the Korean version of CERAD Assessment Packet) and K-MMSE (Korean MMSE), and analyzed the influences of age, gender, and educational level on the differences between the two. METHODS: We administered the MMSE-KC and K-MMSE simultaneously along with geriatric depression scale (GDS-K) to 733 community-dwelling elderly aged 50 or over in three districts of Suwon. The differences between the MMSE-KC scores and K-MMSE scores were examined by repeated measure ANOVA computing the MMSE for intra-individual factor, age, gender, and educational level as inter-individual factor, and GDS-K score as a covariate. RESULTS: The scores of MMSE-KC and K-MMSE were identical only in the 17.8% of the subjects and the difference between the MMSE-KC score and K-MMSE score were significantly influenced by the educational level of the subjects (F (3,173)=8.21, p<0.001). The MMSE-KC score was higher than the K-MMSE score in illiterate subjects, and lower than the K-MMSE score in literate or educated subjects. Although the main effect of the kind of MMSE was not significant in total MMSE scores (F (1,731)=0.91, p>0.1), it was highly significant in 'judgement and writing/reading' subscores (F (1,731)=16.35, p<0.001) and its influences were significantly varied by the educational level of the subjects (F (1,731)=20.82, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The MMSE-KC and K-MMSE which were standardized differently are not identical in scores as well as in content, and the difference between the two is greatly influenced by the educational level of the subject. When interpreting or comparing the MMSE scores of the two different versions of Korean MMSE, the comparability of the scores among them observed in this study should be considered.
Age Factors ; Aged ; Depression ; Education ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: We compared the scores of the MMSE-KC (Korean version of MMSE in the Korean version of CERAD Assessment Packet) and K-MMSE (Korean MMSE), and analyzed the influences of age, gender, and educational level on the differences between the two. METHODS: We administered the MMSE-KC and K-MMSE simultaneously along with geriatric depression scale (GDS-K) to 733 community-dwelling elderly aged 50 or over in three districts of Suwon. The differences between the MMSE-KC scores and K-MMSE scores were examined by repeated measure ANOVA computing the MMSE for intra-individual factor, age, gender, and educational level as inter-individual factor, and GDS-K score as a covariate. RESULTS: The scores of MMSE-KC and K-MMSE were identical only in the 17.8% of the subjects and the difference between the MMSE-KC score and K-MMSE score were significantly influenced by the educational level of the subjects (F (3,173)=8.21, p<0.001). The MMSE-KC score was higher than the K-MMSE score in illiterate subjects, and lower than the K-MMSE score in literate or educated subjects. Although the main effect of the kind of MMSE was not significant in total MMSE scores (F (1,731)=0.91, p>0.1), it was highly significant in 'judgement and writing/reading' subscores (F (1,731)=16.35, p<0.001) and its influences were significantly varied by the educational level of the subjects (F (1,731)=20.82, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The MMSE-KC and K-MMSE which were standardized differently are not identical in scores as well as in content, and the difference between the two is greatly influenced by the educational level of the subject. When interpreting or comparing the MMSE scores of the two different versions of Korean MMSE, the comparability of the scores among them observed in this study should be considered.
Age Factors ; Aged ; Depression ; Education ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: We developed a Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) optimized for screening dementia (MMSE-DS) and its' short form (SMMSE-DS). METHODS: We constructed the MMSE-DS using the items of the two current Korean versions of MMSE and then construct the SMMSE-DS consisted of 13 items from the MMSE-DS based on the diagnostic accuracy of individual items for dementia. We investigated reliability and validity of MMSE-DS and SMMSE-DS on 1,555 subjects (1,222 nondemented controls, 333 dementia patients). We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the SMMSE-DS with that of the three full Korean versions of MMSE, and examined its' age- and education-specific optimal cutoff scores for dementia. RESULTS: The internal consistency obtained by Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.826. The inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.968 (p<0.001) and 0.825 (p<0.001), respectively. It showed significant correlation with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) (r=-0.698, p<0.05) and the three full Korean versions of MMSE (r=0.839-0.938, p<0.001). The area under the receiver operator curve for dementia of the SMMSE-DS was larger than those of the three full Korean versions of MMSE (p<0.001). Age, education and gender explained 19.4% of the total variance of SMMSE-DS scores. The optimal cutoff scores for dementia of the SMMSE-DS were estimated differently by age and educational attainment of the subjects. CONCLUSION: The SMMSE-DS was found to be accurate, brief and portable instrument for screening dementia in Korean elders, and may be particularly useful for screening dementia in elderly populations with wide variation in educational levels.
Aged ; Dementia ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Reproducibility of Results