Objective To study the prevalence of chronic kidney disease(CKD) and risk factors among adults received examina-tion in Yongchuan district of Chongqing .Methods 10 280 residents(older than 18 years) were selected ,who had health examina-tion in the Yongchuan Affiliated Hospital ,Chongqing Medical University ,Yongchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Yongchuan people's hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 .Patients with CKD were identified by the examination dates .All of them were conducted with a questionnaire survey ,physical examination ,and renal damage and related risk indicator factors moni-toring for more than 3 months .Results Eligible dates of 10 021 subjects were enrolled in the study .The prevalence of albuminuria was 5 .1% ,hematuria in 8 .3% ,reduced renal function in 1 .4% .The CKD population prevalence rate was 15 .7% ,and the recogni-tion was 6 .4% .The Logistic regression model showed that hyperuricemia ,nephrolithiasis ,diabetes mellitus ,hypertension ,obesity and age contributed to the development of CKD .Conclusion The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 15 .7% and the recognition is 6 .4% in urban healthy examination population of Yongchuan .Independent risk factors associated with CKD are hyperuricemia , nephrolithiasis ,diabetes mellitus ,hypertension ,obesity and age .

Objective To demonstrate the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of telmisartan in diabetic nePhroPathy, and discuss the role of PPARγin this Process. Methods The diabetic nePhroPathy rat models were established and randomly assigned to control grouP, telmisartan grouP ( 5 mg · kg-1 · d-1 ) and combination of telmisartan and PPARγ inhibitor grouP (telmisartan:5 mg·kg-1·d-1;GW9662:0. 5 mg·kg-1·d-1). After 12 weeks of treatment,the biochemical indexes of blood and urine,kidney weight,renal Pathology in each grouP of diabetic nePhroPathy rats were measured and comPared. The leVels of IL_1,IL_6 and TNF_α in blood of each grouP were detected by ELISA and comPared. The leVels of HGF and actiVated NF_κB (P65) in renal tissue of each grouP were detected by Western blotting and comPared. Results In diabetic nePhroPathy rats, telmisartan lowered the leVels of serum glucose, serum creatinine, urinary Protein and kidney weight, decreased the glomerular Volume,mesangial Proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration,reduced blood leVels of IL_1,IL_6,and TNF_α,and decreased leVel of actiVated NF_κB (P65) in renal tissue. The leVel of HGF in renal tissue was eleVated by telmisartan. NeVertheless,these changes were Partly reVersed by PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Conclusion PPARγ Presents an imPortant role in treatment of diabetic nePhroPathy by telmisartan.

BackgroundWith the increasing prevalence of dry eye and the continuous improvement of living standards,the problem of dry eye more and more get the attention of people.At present,China still lacks the large population-based epidemiological data of dry eye. Objective To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of dry eye in a community of Huidong County of population aged 14 and over.Methods From September 2010 to January 2011,using questionnaires and examination of dry eye related,2800 people were selected randomly for cross-sectional survey.Those suspected as dry eye were examed by the SchirmerⅠtest ( S Ⅱ T),tear-film breakup time(BUT),corneal fluorescein staining(F1).Results In the 2475 questionnaire effectively,154 persons were diagnosed as dry eye,and the prevalence rate of dry eye was 6.22％,8.06％in females,4.14％in males.The prevalence rate increases with age.The S Ⅰ T and BUT decreased with increasing age.S Ⅰ T and BUT in females are less than males.Foreign body sensation is the primary complaints of patients.Logistic analysis showed that the most common risk factors in dry eye are age and gender.The system disease and eye diseases,eye fatigue and long exposure to dust are also main determinants.ConclusionsThe population prevalence rate of dry eye increased with age,the prevalence rate of dry eye in females is higher than that in males.The key factors associated with dry eye are age,gender,systemic disease and eye diseases,occupation,working environment.

This study aimed to develop the calculation method of pre-hospital emergency physician allocation gap and apply it to Shanghai.In order to reduce the ambulance dispatch lag frequency, through the analysis of its da-ta in the Shanghai urban area, the research group obtained the gap and extended the data to Shanghai city.The peak method establishes the association between pre-hospital emergency physician increment and the ambulance dispatch lag decrement.Based on descriptive statistics, the peak method by which the Shanghai ambulance dispatch lag data were analyzed uses the SAS programming software.This method of using programming software provides it with good reliability and validity.After an increase of 40 duty vehicles (381 pre-hospital emergency physicians), the ambu-lance dispatch lag ratio would drop from 25.61 percent to 0.22.Therefore, the association between the pre-hospital emergency physician increment and the ambulance dispatch lag decrement was established and can provide a scientif-ic evidence for the policy formulation.

Objective:The research aimed to figure out the geographic availability of the residence in the aspect of receiving health service thereby studying the spatial distribution regulation and the distance attenuation coefficient of the inpatients.It also provides the decision-making basis for the regional health planning.Methods: Select 23 medical institutions and randomly pick up patients from each of them, calculate the distance between the inpatients home and the medical institutions, then simulate the corresponding probability patients using the Geographical Infor-mation System ( GIS) .Perform a variety of curve fitting models according to the determination and simulation graph-ics coefficient choosing the most appropriate model, and draw corresponding the distance attenuation coefficient.Re-sults:An exponential curve model is better than power curve model for the secondary medical institutions inpatients distribution and contrarily for those in the tertiary medical institutions.The mean distance attenuation coefficient was 0.51 for exponential curve model of secondary comprehensive medical institutions inpatients and its average was 0.50 for the secondary specialist medical institutions inpatients.The mean distance attenuation coefficient was 0.84 for the power curve model of the tertiary comprehensive medical institutions inpatient and its average was 0.53 for tertiary specialist medical institutions inpatients.Conclusion: The secondary medical institutions inpatient probable attenua-tion trends with distance are faster than in tertiary medical institutions, those for the comprehensive medical institu-tions inpatient are faster than in the specialist medical institutions.In the regional health planning, for different lev-els, categories of medical institutions should adopt different distance attenuation coefficients to calculate the health re-sources level.

Objective To investigate the role of calpain in the spinal dorsal horn in development of paw inflammatory pain in rats.Methods Forty-eight male SD rats,aged 6 weeks,weighing 160-200 g,were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group(group C,n =8),PBS group( n =16),zymosan-induced paw inflammatory pain group (group Z,n =24).Inflammatory pain was induced by injection of zymosan 1.25 mg into the plantar surface of left hindpaw.Group PBS received the equal volume of PBS 100 μl.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT),paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) and maximum thickness of the plantar surface of left hindpaw were measured before (T0 ) and at 30 min,1,2,4,8,24 and 48 h(T1-7 ) after zymosan or PBS injection.Eight rats were sacrificed at T4 in group PBS and at T4.6,7 in group Z respectively.The left lumbar segment (L4-6) was removed to determination of spectrin α Ⅱ breakdown products,IκBα,cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)expression and NF-κB activity in the spinal dorsal horn by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,MWT and PWTL were significantly decreased,maximum thickness of paw and NF-κB activity in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly increased,spectrin α Ⅱ breakdown products and COX-2 expression in the spinal dorsal horn were upregulated,while IκBα expression was down-regulated in group Z( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ),but no significant change was found in group PBS( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The activation of calpain in the spinal dorsal horn is involved in the development of paw inflammatory pain in rats through activating NF-κB and up-regulating the expression of COX-2.

The inhibitory ratio (1%) of artificial musk on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The dose-effect relationship between concentrations of artificial musk and 1% was established. It was found that artificial musk had obvious inhibitory action on COX-2. The concentration for 50% of maximum inhibitory effect (IC50) was about 2.26 mg x mL(-1). There was a good relationship between the logarithm concentrations of artificial musk and 1% when the concentrations of artificial musk ranged from 0.31-20.0 mg x mL(-1). The results indicated that this EIA method could be applied to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of artificial musk quickly, conveniently, sensitively and exactly. This paper provided a novel method and foundational research for the bioassay of artificial musk.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) on the phenotypic transformation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMC) in SD rats.

METHODSCCSMCs were primarily cultured in the modified tissue sticking medium and subjected to immunofluorescence assay. The cells were divided into a blank control and four PDGF-BB groups, the latter exposed to 5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/ml of PDGF-BB, respectively, for 24 hours, and the cells in the 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB group treated for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The the relative expressions of α-SMA, SMMHC, calponin, and OPN mRNA were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).

RESULTSThe α-SMA positive rate of the CCSMCs was over 95%. Compared with the blank control group, the expression levels of α-SMA, SMMHC, and calponin mRNA were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) while that of OPN mRNA remarkably increased (P < 0.05) in the PDGF-BB groups. The 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB group also showed significantly downregulated expressions of α-SMA, SMMHC, and calponin mRNA (P < 0.05) and upregulated expression of OPN mRNA (P < 0.05) at 24, 48, and 72 hours.

CONCLUSIONPDGF-BB can induce the transformation of the phenotype of CCSMCs in SD rats from the contractile to the synthetic type.

Actins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cells, Cultured ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins ; metabolism ; Muscle Contraction ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Myosin Heavy Chains ; metabolism ; Penis ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Phenotype ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors

AlM: To study the clinical effect of the application of microscopic pterygium resection combined with different concentration of mitomycin C ( MMC) .
METHODS:A total of 110 cases of pterygium patients (120 eyes) were randomly divided into control group (58 eyes) and observation group (62 eyes) according to the odd and even number method. The control group adopted the pterygium resection combined 0. 3mg/mL MMC, and the observation group was given pterygium resection combined 0. 2mg/mL MMC. The cure rate and the recurrence rate, eyesight before and after the treatment, two groups of cornea and sclera wound healing situation, the incidence of postoperative complications were compared.
RESULTS: The cure rate and recurrence rate of the control group was 84. 5% and 15. 5% respectively, and the observation group was 93. 6% and 6. 5% respectively, the differences were statistically significant (P<0. 05). There were statistical differences of vision of the two groups before and after treatment (P<0. 05), and there were no statistical differences of the two groups between the two groups after treatment (P>0. 05). The cornea, sclera, wound healing time of the observation group were less than the control group, and there were statistical differences between the two groups ( P < 0. 05 ). The incidence of complications was 13. 8% in the control group and 3. 2% in observation group, with statistically significant difference (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSlON: The application effect of microscopic pterygium resection combined with MMC is remarkable, and the joint of 0. 2mg/mL concentration of MMC is more safe and effective, and is worth popularizing in clinical application.

?AlM: To investigate the expression of miR-181 in the lens tissue of cataract and the regulating mechanism of miR-181 on apoptosis of human lens epithelial cell.
?METHODS:Real time q-PCR was used to measure the expression of miR-181 in the anterior lens capsules of age - related cataract and human lens epithelial cell apoptosis model. miR- 181 mimic and inhibitor were transfected using Lipofectamine 2 000 to regulate the expression of miR-181, and then Real time q-PCR was used to verify transfection efficiency. Flow cytometry was used to detect the change of cell apoptosis rate.
? RESULTS: Compared with control group, the expression of miR-181 was significantly higher in both the anterior lens capsules of age-related cataract and human lens epithelial cell apoptosis model; the relative expression of miR-181 in lens epithelial cells transfected with miR-181 mimic was increased, whereas decreased in cells transfected with miR-181 inhibitor;the apoptosis rate of cells transfected with miR - 181 mimic was increased, while reduced in miR-181 inhibitor group. Each result was statistically significant (P<0. 01).
?CONCLUSlON:High expression of miR-181 is detected in anterior lens capsule of age-related cataract. miR-181 might play a certain role in the pathogenesis of cataract via promoting human lens epithelial cell apoptosis. miR-181 probably becomes a new approach for the nonoperative treatment of cataract, but the concrete mechanism still needs to be further studied.