BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-medium frequency electrotherapy has better pain-relieving effect,whether it involves enkephalin and the like neurotransmitter is still not very clear, it is necessary to carry out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pain response in rats received ultrasound-medium frequency electrotherapy.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pain-relieving effect of ultrasound-medium frequency electrotherapy and its influence on the enkephalin content in rats, aiming to probe its underlying mechanism and relationship with neurotransmitter enkephalin.DESIGN: Randomly controlled study taking experimental animals as subjects.SETTING: Department of Physiotherapy, First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeMATERIALS: This experiment was carried out at the Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College between June 2002 and March 2003. Forty healthy male Wistar rats were adopted and randomized into four groups,namely methionine enkephalin detection experimental group and control group,as well as leucine enkephalin detection experimental group and control group with 10 rats in each group ,amongst which methionine enkephalin experimental group and leucine enkephalin experimental group were generally designed as experimental group ,with the other two group as control group.METHODS: ①Rats ín the experímental group were subjected to ultrasound-medium frequency electrotherapy with frequency of 0.8 MHz in manner of geminal pulse,the modulatìng frequency was 100 Hz and ultrasound intensity of 0.9 W/cm2;the carrier frequency of medium frequency electricity was 4 kHz with modulating frequency of 100 Hz in manner of continuous wave,the electric current of medium frequency was 2 mA and acting time of 10 min. rats in control group received the same dealing,but the higher voltage of ultrasound-medium frequency electrotheprauetic instrument was not used, thereby no energy output was available. tail flick test(TFr) was used to test rat algesthesia,and stopwatch was used to record the time for tail flick(s) that was taken as the value of pain threshold. ②The threshold of pain was tested at 10 minutes instantly after ultrasoundmedium frequency electric stimulation,and then pituitary (removing the posterior pituitary lobe) and hypothalamus were obtained to detect the content of methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin by using radioimmuno assay.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The changes of the pain threshold after treatment,the content of methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin.RESULTS: Totally 40 rats were enrolled in the experiment and entered in the results analysis. ① The changing rate of pain threshold in two experimental group were 265.79% and 272.90% respectively,the difference was of no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05). ②After ultrasoundmedium frequency electrotherapy,the content of methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin in pituitary and hypothalamus were obviously higher than before treatment [ The changing rate of methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin in adenohypophysis was 300.48 ±36.21)% and(204.61±68.65)% , respectively, compared to (239.80±59.98)%and(205.53±51.62)% in hypothalamus, P ＜ 0.05]. ③Linear regression analysis revealed that the variance of the pain threshold was positively correlated with the content of methionine enkephalin in adenohypophysis(r=0.91 ,P ＜ 0.01), suggesting the increment of methionine enkephalin in adenohypophysis was closely connected with the increment of pain threshold,and the level of methionine enkephalin in adenohypophysis would be higher than that in control group by 117.02% when the value of pain threshold increased by100%.CONCLUSION: One of the important mechanisms for the pain-relieving effect of ultrasound-medium frequency electrotherapy might be the increase of methionine enkephalin in adenohypophysis.

Objective To observe the effects of ultrasound medium frequency electrotherapy on pain and content of enkephalins. Methods The pain threshold of the rat was measured before and after the application of ultrasound medium frequency electrotherapy. The content of met enhephalin(MEK) and leu enkephalin(LEK) in the glandula hypophysis and hypothalamus was also measured. A linear regression analysis based on the pain threshold and the content of enkaphalin was conducted to reveal the pain relieving mechanism of the ultrasound medium frequency electrotherapy. Results The level of MEK and LEK in the glandula hypophysis and hypothalamus was significantly increased after a single use action ultrasound medium frequency electrotherapy as compared with that before the treatment ( P

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important restricting factor of clinical liver resection and liver transplantation.When the liver is transiently deprived of blood followed by repeffusion,a large number of various mediators are released that can lead to cellular and,eventually,organ dysfunction.This review summarizes the pathogenesis and the protection mechanisms of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Objective To examine serum lipid levels and to investigate the risk factors of dyslipidemia in children and to study the indices of screening test for dyslipidemia of children in Beijing.Methods Serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-c) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-c) were detected by HITACHI 7060 automatic biochemical analyzer in Beijing students.Body height, weight,upper body height,waist circumference,upper arm circumference and blood pressure were measured.Body mass index(BMI) was calculated according to the measurement of body height and weight.Waist-to-height ratio(WHR) was also calculated.Then a Logistic regression analysis and ROC study were conducted to examine the relationship between the above indices and dyslipidemia.Results Of 962 students,107 were found dyslipidemia.The prevalence rate was 11.12%.The upper body height,upper arm circumference,BMI,WHR,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in children with dyslipidemia were higher than those of normal subjects(P

Objective To observe the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on vasoactive peptides in aorta of atherosclerotic(AS) rats.Methods Twenty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (8 cases),AS group (10 cases) ,AS + SO2 group (10 cases).The rats in AS group and AS + SO2 group were given 700 000 U/kg Vitamin D3 and fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to induce AS.Meanwhile, the rats in AS + SO2 group were intraperitoneally injected SO2 donor Na2SO3/NaHSO3 (0.54 mmol/kg,0.18 mmol/kg) every day.And the rats in control group and AS group were given the same dose of saline.After 8 weeks, the changes in atherosclerosis plaque size in the aortic root were observed by way of oil red O staining.Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the aortic homogenate were detected by using radioactive immunoassay.Results Compared with the control group, the atherosclerosis plaque size was markedly increased in AS group, while SO2 treatment significantly decreased the atherosclerosis plaque size in AS rats.Meanwhile,the content of Ang Ⅱ and ET-1 in the aortic homogenate from AS group were increased compared to those in the control group [(11.52 ±4.15) ng/g vs (5.46 ± 1.21) ng/g, (11.91 ± 4.93) ng/g vs (3.81 ± 1.21) ng/g,all P ＜0.01] ,while SO2 donor treatment markedly decreased the content of Ang Ⅱ and ET-1 in AS rats [(6.25 ± 2.85) ng/g, (8.35 ± 2.45) ng/g] (all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions SO2 can play an important role in the regulation of vasoactive peptide Ang Ⅱ and ET-1 in AS rat aorta.This effect may be one of the mechanisms by which SO2 antagonize AS.

To ensure the sooth progression of resident standardized training, the Nineth Peo-ple's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine made the following explo-rations for structure organization and rule and regulation establishment: teaching staff construction , student recruiting procedures, training time, training plan and content, examination management and training quality control. It has played a promoting role for the construction and development of resident standardized training base.

Objective To study the difference of expression of proteins in pancreatic cancer and adjacent fissue.Methods Proteomes of eight pairs of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and adjacent tissue samples were obtained by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE).Comprehensive analyses of proteins were focused on total protein spots exhibiting statistical alternations between the two groups.Protein identification was done by peptide mass fingerprinting with tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS).In addition,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify the expression of certain candidate protein.Results A total of 28 protein spot-features were found to be significantly increased and 17 significantly decreased in tumor tissues.Thirty of these protein spots were identified,which included enzymes,antioxidant proteins,signal transduction proteins,calcium-binding protein,structural proteins,chaperones and others.Western blotting and IHC further validated up-regulated expressions of one candidate protein(annexin II)in tumor tissues.Conclusions The analysis of proteomics with 2-DE on human tissue is a useful method for discovering valuable cancer marker candidates.These differential expressed proteins may serve as biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets to pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of augmentative locking compression plate combined with bone graft in treating aseptic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nailing.

METHODSTwenty-one cases with aseptic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nailing from January 2007 to January 2013 were treated,including 18 males and 3 females with a mean age of 37.7 years (ranged from 23 to 64 years). The mean period of nonunion after surgery was 23.9 months (ranged from 9 to 62 months). According to Weber-Cech classification,10 of those 21 cases were hypertrophic nonunion,7 were atrophic, and 4 had oligotrophic fracture nonunion. All patients retained the original intramedullary nail, and applied with augmentation plating of 6 to 8 holes locking compression plate, unicortical fixation with 2 to 3 locking screws in the proximal or distal end, with simultaneous autologous iliac bone grafting. After treatment,all patients were allowed to partial weight-bearing until full weight-bearing according to the radiological results. All patients were followed up and were evaluated with clinical and imaging results.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 8 to 24 months, averaged (13.5±3.5) months,which showed clinical union at 4 to 8 months, averaged (6.0±1.0) months and radiological solid union at 7 to 12 months, averaged (9.1±1.5) months. No such complications as infection,hardware loosening or breaking were found.

CONCLUSIONAugmentative locking compression plate(LCP) combined with bone graft for aseptic femoral shaft nonunion after intramedullary nail has a satisfied clinical efficacy. It's an useful and simple method.

Adult ; Bone Nails ; adverse effects ; Bone Plates ; Bone Transplantation ; Female ; Femoral Fractures ; complications ; surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; adverse effects ; Fractures, Ununited ; complications ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

In this paper, the domestic varieties and quality standard of Leguminosae medicinal plants used in Tibetan medicine were analyzed. The results showed that there were 36 genera and 142 species (including varieties), as well as 64 medicinal materials varieties of Leguminosae plants were recorded in relevant literatures. In relevant Tibetan standards and literatures, there are great differences in varieties, sources, used parts, and efficacy of medicinal plants. Among them, about 38.0% (including 54 species) of the endemic plants, about 25.4% (including 36 species) of the original plants have medicinal standard legal records, except 9 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine general quality standard more fairly completed, the most varieties have only description about characters, identification, etc. Therefore it is necessary to reinforce study for the herbal textual, resources and the use present situation, chemical components and biological activity, quality standard, medicinal terms specification, to promote establishment of quality standard system for variety-terminologies-sources of Tibetan medicinal plants.
Fabaceae ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; standards

In this paper, the popular domestic varieties and quality standard of Scrophulariaceae plants used in Tibetan medicine were analyzed. The results showed that there were 11 genera and 99 species (including varieties), as well as 28 medicinal materials varieties of Scrophulariaceae plants were recorded in the relevant literatures. In relevant Tibetan standards arid literatures, there are great differences in varieties, sources, parts, and efficacies of medicinal plant. Among them, about 41.4% (including 41 species) of endemic plants, about 15.2% (including 15 species) of the original plants have medicinal standard legal records, except the medicinal materials of Scrophalaria ningpoensis, Lagotis brevituba, Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Veronica eriogyne general, most varieties have not completed quality standard. Consequently it is necessary to reinforce the herbal textual, resources and the use present situation investigation, the effects of the species resources material foundation and biological activity, quality standard, specification the medical terms of the plants, and promote Tibetan medicinal vareties-terminologies-sources such as the criterion and quality standard system for enriching the varieties of Tibetan medicinal materials and Chinese medicinal resources.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; Scrophulariaceae ; chemistry ; classification