Objective To establish a stable animal model of bladder outlet obstruction(BOO) and to clarify the effects of BOO on the biomechanical properties of detrusor and the mechanisms. Methods BOO animal model was established by partial ligation of the proximal urethra of male Wistar rats forming, a urethra stricture with internal diameter of 1 mm. The active contraction of detrusor muscle stripes to carbachol was recorded with transfusor and organ bath tube. The compliance and maximum volume of bladder were examined by filling cystometry. Results The bladders demonstrated tropical post obstruction alterations at week 2 after partial ligation of the proximal urethra. The maximum volume (3 3?1 9) ml and bladder wet weight (10 4?2 8) g increased significantly in BOO group as compared with those in sham operation group [(1 6?0 8)ml and (7 2?3 5)g]. The detrusor contractile force of detrusor instability(DI) group was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, the contractile force in detrusor stability (DS) group was higher at week 2 but lower at week 4 after BOO than that in the sham operation group. Conclusion BOO animal model established by partial ligation of the proximal urethra of adult rats is simple and can give high survival rate and good stability, suitable for the studies of bladder outlet obstruction. There are two types of the detrusor contraction after BOO: DI group with impaired contraction and DS group with bidirectional change which was higher at early stage(week 2) but lower at later stage(week 4). The changes of bladder compliance are related to the stability of bladder, decrease in DI but increase in DS.

Objective To provide experimental basis for further study of the mechanism of urinary storage dysfunction of diabetic cystopathy (DCP). Methods Steptozotocin(STZ) induced and sucrose induced diabetic rats were employed as DCP and diuresis models. Normal rats served as the control. The changes of calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP) were analyzed by immunocytochemical method and computer assisted image analysis software. Compliance of the whole bladder prepared in vitro was evaluated by bladder irrigation. The messenger molecule cAMP of detrusor relaxation was determined by radioimmunological assay. Results Compared with those in other groups, the CGRP immunoreactive positive nerve fibers and content of this neurotransmitter significantly decreased in the bladder wall, especially in the submucosa. Significantly higher bladder compliance was observed( P

The durability of denture base resins with a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid coating was examined after long-term water im-mersion.After water immersion for 1 80 days at constant temperature of 37 ℃ the flexural strength and elastic modulus of the samples with the coating were qualified with the national standerds,the controls were not.

Objective To investigate the role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)signaling pathway in propofol-induced suppression of up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in LPSstimulated RAW264.7 cells.Methods RAW264.7 cells were purchased from cell bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences and cultured in DMEM culture medium containing 10％ fetal bovine serum.The cells were seeded in 6 cm diameter dishes (3 ml/dish) or in 6-well plates (2 ml/well) with a density of 5 × 105/ml and randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =18): normal control group (group C),group LPS (group L)and group LPS + propofol (group LP).The cells were incubated with LPS 1 μg/ml in groups L and LP.Propofol 50μmol/L was added to the culture medium at 2 h before LPS in group LP.Cells were harvested at 30 min after being stimulated with LPS.Phosphorylation of IκB kinase(p-IKK) and NF-κB activity were detected by Western blot.The expression of iNOS mRNA was determined after 6 h exposure of the cells to LPS.Results LPS significantly up-regulated the expression of p-IKK and iNOS mRNA and increased NF-κB activity in group L as compared with group C.Propofol pretreatment significantly attenuated the effects of LPS on p-IKK,iNOS mRNA expression and NF-κB activity.Conclusion NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the propofol-induced suppression of up-regulation of iNOS mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

BACKGROUND:To obtain more quantum dot (QD) barcodes,the overlay peaks of fluorescence occur,leading to difficulties in identifying QD barcodes.OBJECTIVE:To identify QD barcodes of two adjacent wave length using wavelet transform technique.METHODS:Through the microscopy,the spectrum of fluorescence induced by 375 nm light was captured by spectroscopy.The spectral signal was split into multi-scale components by wavelet transform.After transformed by spline function,every component constructed a new spectrum with peaks expanded by inverse wavelet transform.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Interpolation operation was performed on original data to control the data length to 2n.Following wavelet transform,peak location remained unchanged,so the eigenvalue of spectrum of coding fluorescence was extracted.The spectrum of fluorescence mixed with microspheres was split,and two QD barcodes were identified.The improved barcodes identification of adjacent spectrum increase color of QD barcodes,thereby enhancing code information volume.Results show that following spectrum was processed by wavelet transform,overlay peaks of fluorescence has be expanded,and enhanced the efficiency of recognition,which lays a foundation for detecting tumor markers.

Objective:To investigate the wear resistance of four low-shrinkage commercial composite resins and two traditional composite resins in vitro and discuss the relative influencing factors, and to illustrate the inner relationship of the wear resistance of resins and material composition.Methods:Four low-shrinkage commercial composite resins including CLEARFIL MAJESTY Posterior(CMP), Filtek LS(LS), Admira(AD), Kalore(KA) and two traditional composite resins including Filtek Z350XT (Z350), Solitaire2(S2) were chosen.The bar-shaped specimens were fabricated and mounted in a UMT-2 wear testing machine and abraded with the two-body media (distilled water) with a Si3N4 ball as antagonist.The maximum wear depth was determined after 14 400 cycles.The friction coefficient was determined during the test.The worn surfaces were examined with SEM.Results:CMP showed the lowest maximum wear depth and KA presented the highest maximum wear depth.The maximum wear depth ranked as follows: CMP

The origins of medullary carcinoma and papillary carcinoma of thyroid are embryologically different. We report a case of simultaneous occurrence of medullary carcinoma and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in the same thyroid gland. In this case, the occurrence of the two tumors may be a coincidence, does not have embryological or genetical significance.
Carcinoma, Medullary ; Carcinoma, Papillary* ; Thyroid Gland*

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of measurement of SARP2 methylation in peripheral blood for detection of pancreatic cancer in human. Methods Peripheral vein blood of 12 patients with primary pancreatic cancers, 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 6 health volunteers were collected. Serum free DNA were extracted from blood samples, and were modified with bisulfate, and SARP2 gene extron 1 were amplified through BSP and sequencing of the production. Results There were 12 patients (83 %) with pancreatic cancer and 10 patients (40%) with chronic pancreatitis had obvious methylation in SARP2 gene in peripheral blood. The rate of CpG methylation in SARP2 gene extron 1 of pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and health volunteers was 16. 8% , 10. 4% and 2. 2% respectively. There was statistically significant difference among the three groups (P<0.01 or P< 0.05). Conclusions Aberrant methylation of SARP2 gene could be detected in peripheral blood in patients with pancreatic cancer, the detection of SARP2 gene methylation may have potential clinical implication for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVETo review the history, development, and reality of neuronavigation surgery in China and to discuss the future of neuronavigation surgery.

DATA SOURCESPubMed, the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, and the VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals were searched for papers published from 1995 to the present with the key words "neuronavigation," functional navigation," "image-guided," and "stereotaxy." Articles were reviewed for additional citations, and some information was gathered from Web searches.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles related to neuronavigation surgery in China were selected, with special attention to application to brain tumors.

RESULTSSince the introduction of neurosurgical navigation to China in 1997, this core technique in minimally invasive neurosurgery has seen rapid development. This development has ranged from brain structural localization to functional brain mapping, from static digital models of the brain to dynamic brain-shift compensation models, and from preoperative image-guided surgery to intraoperative real-time image-guided surgery, and from application of imported equipment and technology to use of equipment and technology that possess Chinese independent intellectual property rights.

CONCLUSIONSThe development and application of neuronavigation techniques have made neurological surgeries in China more safe, precise and effective, and less invasive, and promoted the quality of Chinese neurosurgical practice to the rank of the most advance and excellence in the world.

Animals ; Brain ; pathology ; China ; Humans ; Neuronavigation ; methods ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between phenotype transformation and biomechanical properties of detrusor smooth muscle cell (DSMC) subjected to the cyclic mechanical stretch.

METHODSCultured rat DSMCS were grown on collagen-coated silicone membranes and subjected to continuous cycles of stretch-relaxation. All experiments were made on cells between passage 2 and 4. Each cycle consists of 5-second stretch and 5-second relaxation. The computer controlled vacuum induced 10% (I), 20% (II) and 30% (III) maximum elongation of the plate membrane at different designed pressures. We assessed DNA synthesis rate using tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. Using immunofluorescent assay and flow cytometer, we analysed the expression of SM-alpha-actin and proliferation of DSMC. The image analysis and micropipette aspiration systems were employed to investigate the single cell contraction and viscoelasticity. The elastic modulus K(1), K(2) and viscoelastic coefficient micro were determined using the three-element standard linear solid model, thus demonstrating the passive deformation ability of detrusor cells.

RESULTSAs the basic structural changes to mechanical stretch, DSMCs underwent phenotypic modulation from their normal contractile phenotype to a "synthetic" phenotype: the DSMCs became more proliferative and the actin less organized along the cell's long axis. The cell proliferation index (CPI) of control and stretched group (10%, 20%, 30% elongation) were 0.24, 0.43, 0.58 and 0.65 respectively. After mechanical stretch, the well-spread filaments changed their orientation. Contraction and viscoelasticity of single DSMC subjected to stretch both decreased significantly compared to control. The Vmax and. DeltaLmax of group III (30% elongation) saw significant decreases compared with unstretched control (P < 0.01). K(1) and K(2) decreased with the increasing of mechanical overload, however, there was no statistic difference between groups II and group III.

CONCLUSIONSStructure determines function. Conversely, dysfunction implies the structural transformation. Functional abnormalities of BOO have the structural basis: phenotype transformation of detrusor cells. Cyclic stretch and relaxation applied to DSMCs in vitro can be used to model the increases in urodynamic load experienced by the bladder detrusor muscle under the conditions of bladder outlet obstruction. Phenotypic transformation is the structural basis of functional changes of DSMC subjected to periodic overload mechanical stretch.

Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; DNA ; biosynthesis ; Muscle, Smooth ; physiology ; Phenotype ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stress, Mechanical ; Urinary Bladder ; physiology ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction ; physiopathology