Purpose: This study assessed the effects of bilateral inferior oblique myectomy for hypertropia on the preoperative vertical deviation angle in patients with asymmetric primary inferior oblique overaction (IOOA). Methods: This study included patients who underwent bilateral inferior oblique myectomy and lateral rectus recession due to asymmetric primary IOOA and intermittent exotropia, and were followed up for at least 6 months postoperatively. Pre- and post-operative vertical deviation angles were compared. The correlation between the extent of correction of vertical deviation after surgery and residual hypertropia, according to the preoperative degree of vertical deviation and difference between bilateral IOOA, was evaluated. Results: This study included 178 eyes from 89 patients. The angle of hypertropia in the primary position was reduced from 3.2 ± 2.2 prism diopters (PD) preoperatively to 0.5 ± 2.5 PD postoperatively (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.001). No significant correlation was observed between the preoperative interocular difference in IOOA and postoperative extent of correction of the vertical deviation (r = 0.044, p = 0.684), or between the preoperative difference in bilateral IOOA and residual hypertropia (Spearman's rank-order correlation, r = -0.084, p = 0.432). Increased preoperative hypertropia correlated with a greater extent of surgical correction of the vertical deviation (r = 0.733, p < 0.001). Preoperative hypertropia had no significant correlation with residual hypertropia (Spearman's rank-order correlation, r = 0.182, p = 0.087). Conclusions In symmetric bilateral inferior oblique myectomy with bilateral lateral rectus recession for asymmetric bilateral primary IOOA with V-type intermittent exotropia, a positive correlation between the degree of preoperative vertical deviation and extent of correction of the vertical deviation was observed. Additionally, IOOA and hypertropia were significantly improved postoperatively.

Purpose: We report a case of phakomatous choristoma presenting as an orbital tumor with involvement of the inferior oblique muscle. Case summary: A 2-month-old male infant presented to our clinic with a right orbital mass that had been present since birth. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a homogenous enhanced well-defined mass located in the inferomedial portion of the right orbit without bone erosion. By transconjunctival orbitotomy, the orbital tumor invading the inferior oblique muscle was identified and resected. Histopathology showed a thick basement membrane surrounding pseudoglandular structures embedded in a collagenous stroma, psammomatous calcific foci in the stroma, and eosinophilic material in the lumen. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for S-100 and cytokeratin. On histopathological evaluation, the tumor was diagnosed as phakomatous choristoma. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report in South Korea of phakomatous choristoma of the orbit with involvement of the inferior oblique muscle. Although rare, phakomatous choristoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors occurring on the inferomedial side of the orbit.

Purpose: We report a case of phakomatous choristoma presenting as an orbital tumor with involvement of the inferior oblique muscle. Case summary: A 2-month-old male infant presented to our clinic with a right orbital mass that had been present since birth. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a homogenous enhanced well-defined mass located in the inferomedial portion of the right orbit without bone erosion. By transconjunctival orbitotomy, the orbital tumor invading the inferior oblique muscle was identified and resected. Histopathology showed a thick basement membrane surrounding pseudoglandular structures embedded in a collagenous stroma, psammomatous calcific foci in the stroma, and eosinophilic material in the lumen. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for S-100 and cytokeratin. On histopathological evaluation, the tumor was diagnosed as phakomatous choristoma. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report in South Korea of phakomatous choristoma of the orbit with involvement of the inferior oblique muscle. Although rare, phakomatous choristoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors occurring on the inferomedial side of the orbit.

A 50-year-old man who had suffered from chronic indigestion complained of upper abdominal pain and vomiting which had persisted for 4 days. Consequently, he had eaten two persimmons before sleeping detected each day for five days. An irregular multinodular villous filling defect was in the duodenal bulb on, the UGI series, which had its location and changed its position. It was difficult to differentiate a papillary gastric polyp or villous tumor from the duodenal bezoar, but the patient's history of having eaten persimmons was helpful. The endoscopic and pathologic study confirmed a phytobezoar which was located in the normal duodenal bulb. Subsequently we are reporting this case having reviewed the related literature of the phytobezoar which was found in the normal duodenal bulb.
Abdominal Pain ; Bezoars* ; Diospyros ; Duodenum ; Dyspepsia ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Polyps ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: To report a case of subacute optic neuropathy caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old woman was referred to the ophthalmology department due to decreased vision which began 10 days prior to presentation. The patient history indicated that she had undergone chemotherapy for ovarian cancer and she had been dependent on total parenteral nutrition for 3 weeks due to nausea and vomiting. Her best corrected vision of the right and the left eyes were 0.15 and 0.2, respectively. Color vision was severely impaired in both eyes without retrobulbar pain. There was marginal blurring on the temporal side of the optic discs of both eyes. The optic nerves were unremarkable on orbital and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There was high signal intensities in both the mammillary body and periaqueductal gray matter on T2-weighted imaging. In addition, the patient exhibited ataxia along with short-term memory loss. She was diagnosed with Wernicke's encephalopathy. Thiamine was administrated based on the diagnosis, and after 2 days of administration, the patient's vision and neurologic symptoms began to improve. Two weeks later, the patient recovered her vision. CONCLUSIONS: Thiamine deficiency may cause optic neuropathy and can be recovered with early thiamine supplementation. This condition could occur due to deficient oral thiamine administration. We should keep this point in mind and try to prevent or diagnose early.
Adult ; Ataxia ; Brain ; Color Vision ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mamillary Bodies ; Memory, Short-Term ; Nausea ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Ophthalmology ; Optic Nerve ; Optic Nerve Diseases* ; Orbit ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Periaqueductal Gray ; Thiamine Deficiency ; Thiamine* ; Vomiting ; Wernicke Encephalopathy*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcome of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and vitrectomy for macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: The results of combined vitrectomy with cataract extraction were retrospectively analyzed in patients with preexisting cataracts and new-onset rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. To qualify, patients must also have had macular sparing in a region 6,000 microm in diameter on optical coherence tomography. The anatomical success rate, visual outcomes, and postoperative complications relating to visual acuity were evaluated. RESULTS: In 56 patients followed postoperatively for more than 12 months, the initial and final surgical success rate was 96.4% and 100%, respectively. The mean preoperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 0.05 and decreased to 0.11 postoperatively (p < 0.001). Of the 56 patients, 20 (35.7%) had worse visual acuity postoperatively, compared with preoperatively (0.06 vs. 0.27, p < 0.001); these cases were comprised of six patients with epiretinal membranes, 12 patients with a posterior capsule opacity, and two patients with cystoid macular edema. In the remaining 36 patients, there were no significant differences in visual acuity preoperatively and postoperatively (0.04 vs. 0.03, p = 0.324). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cataracts who develop macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and whose visual prognosis is excellent assuming the retina can be reattached successfully, combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and vitrectomy might be an effective treatment. However, the visual prognosis is significantly affected by postoperative complications such as an epiretinal membranes, posterior capsule opacity, and cystoid macular edema. Therefore, further studies should examine methods to prevent these postoperative complications.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; *Lens Implantation, Intraocular/adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Phacoemulsification/adverse effects ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control ; Retinal Detachment/physiopathology/*surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Treatment Outcome ; Visual Acuity ; *Vitrectomy/adverse effects

When death occurs, the supply of adenosine triphosphate through respiration ceases, and rigor mortis begins approximately 20 minutes after death. The underlying mechanisms of rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm are assumed to be similar. However, unlike rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm is a very rare phenomenon in which muscle stiffness develops almost immediately after death. Herein we describe a 27-year-old male with suspected cadaveric spasm. A forensic pathologist concluded that the cause of death was a head injury due to a fall. When the body was discovered, a cigarette remained in the mouth, suggesting a cadaveric spasm. Some opinions deny the existence of cadaveric spasm because there is no precise pathophysiological mechanism to support it. Cadaveric spasm could not be confirmed in the present case; however, while the complete mechanism is unclear, as in this case, it is sometimes difficult to rule out the presence of cadaveric spasm in forensic investigations. Therefore, a comprehensive forensic examination is necessary, and forensic examiners should be cautious.

When death occurs, the supply of adenosine triphosphate through respiration ceases, and rigor mortis begins approximately 20 minutes after death. The underlying mechanisms of rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm are assumed to be similar. However, unlike rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm is a very rare phenomenon in which muscle stiffness develops almost immediately after death. Herein we describe a 27-year-old male with suspected cadaveric spasm. A forensic pathologist concluded that the cause of death was a head injury due to a fall. When the body was discovered, a cigarette remained in the mouth, suggesting a cadaveric spasm. Some opinions deny the existence of cadaveric spasm because there is no precise pathophysiological mechanism to support it. Cadaveric spasm could not be confirmed in the present case; however, while the complete mechanism is unclear, as in this case, it is sometimes difficult to rule out the presence of cadaveric spasm in forensic investigations. Therefore, a comprehensive forensic examination is necessary, and forensic examiners should be cautious.

When death occurs, the supply of adenosine triphosphate through respiration ceases, and rigor mortis begins approximately 20 minutes after death. The underlying mechanisms of rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm are assumed to be similar. However, unlike rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm is a very rare phenomenon in which muscle stiffness develops almost immediately after death. Herein we describe a 27-year-old male with suspected cadaveric spasm. A forensic pathologist concluded that the cause of death was a head injury due to a fall. When the body was discovered, a cigarette remained in the mouth, suggesting a cadaveric spasm. Some opinions deny the existence of cadaveric spasm because there is no precise pathophysiological mechanism to support it. Cadaveric spasm could not be confirmed in the present case; however, while the complete mechanism is unclear, as in this case, it is sometimes difficult to rule out the presence of cadaveric spasm in forensic investigations. Therefore, a comprehensive forensic examination is necessary, and forensic examiners should be cautious.

When death occurs, the supply of adenosine triphosphate through respiration ceases, and rigor mortis begins approximately 20 minutes after death. The underlying mechanisms of rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm are assumed to be similar. However, unlike rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm is a very rare phenomenon in which muscle stiffness develops almost immediately after death. Herein we describe a 27-year-old male with suspected cadaveric spasm. A forensic pathologist concluded that the cause of death was a head injury due to a fall. When the body was discovered, a cigarette remained in the mouth, suggesting a cadaveric spasm. Some opinions deny the existence of cadaveric spasm because there is no precise pathophysiological mechanism to support it. Cadaveric spasm could not be confirmed in the present case; however, while the complete mechanism is unclear, as in this case, it is sometimes difficult to rule out the presence of cadaveric spasm in forensic investigations. Therefore, a comprehensive forensic examination is necessary, and forensic examiners should be cautious.